Longitudinal uterine septum, also known as septate uterus, is a type of congenital uterine malformation. Congenital uterine anomalies include congenital absence of the uterus, double uterus, bicornuate uterus, septal uterus, unicornuate uterus and vestigial uterus, etc., among which septal uterus is more common. Under normal circumstances, the uterus is formed by the development of the middle segment of the paramedian tube on both sides during the embryonic period, and the middle segment of the paramedian tube on both sides can gradually fuse to form a uterus during development. If the septum is not fused or is not fully fused during the third to fifth month of life, the septum remains in the uterine cavity, i.e., the septum uteri. A complete septum is formed when the uterine cavity is completely divided into two parts from the base of the uterus to the opening of the cervix, and an incomplete septum is formed when the septum is only partially separated. If the placenta is attached to the septum, the placenta will be retained in the uterus after delivery and cannot be easily delivered. For patients with infertility or recurrent miscarriage, the septum is mostly treated by laparoscopic combined with hysteroscopic removal of the septum. In conclusion, longitudinal uterine septum is a congenital uterine malformation with a normal uterine shape, and the diagnosis needs to be confirmed by ultrasound, hysterosalpingogram or hysteroscopy.