Children are a special group, not a shrunken version of adults, and their medication types and dosages are very different from those of adults. According to the results of the 6th census in China, there are more than 220 million children aged 0-14 in China, accounting for about 16.6% of the total population, but the current situation in China is that the number of pediatric-specific pharmaceuticals accounts for less than 10%. With such a lack of pediatric agents, how can we avoid common misconceptions in pediatric medication? I. Application of antibacterial drugs The rational use of antibacterial drugs has always been a hot spot of concern. Pediatricians should choose suitable dose calculation methods for different age stages and different drugs, and overall body surface area calculation is the most scientific. However, the application of body surface area to calculate the dose for newborns and small infants may lead to dose differences, which should be appropriately adjusted or calculated by using body weight, and care should be taken not to exceed the pediatric extreme and adult dosage when using body weight to calculate the dose for older children. Pediatricians should choose the appropriate route of administration according to the severity of the disease and the physicochemical properties of the drug itself, and should choose oral administration when oral administration is available, or intravenous administration for severe infections or systemic infections. The selection of antipyretic and analgesic drugs Fever is one of the most common symptoms of pediatric diseases, so the rational application of antipyretic and analgesic drugs is an important issue for pediatricians. This class of drugs can be divided into four categories according to their structure: salicylic acid, acetanilide and pyrazolone and other organic acids. The active ingredients can be divided into two categories, one can be applied alone, and the other is only used as a compounded preparation and cannot be applied alone. The active ingredients that can be applied alone include: aspirin and its derivatives, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, diclofenac (for topical use only), indomethacin (for topical use only). Active ingredients restricted to compounding that cannot be used alone include: caffeine, aminopyrine, finasteride, and isoproterenol. Data show that ibuprofen does not generally cause gastrointestinal reactions when used for fever control in children and is a commonly used pediatric antipyretic drug in clinical practice. Acetaminophen, also known as paracetamol, is mainly used to relieve fever and analgesia, and is the drug of choice for pediatric fever reduction. Many people think that “Western medicine” is a drug that is three times more toxic, and that Chinese medicine and proprietary Chinese medicines are relatively safer and more suitable for children! But is this really the case? In a domestic research study, a scholar in China analyzed 45 instructions for Chinese medicine injections according to the requirements of the “Requirements for Writing Prescription Drug Instructions for Chinese Medicine and Natural Drugs” and “Guidelines for Writing Prescription Drug Instructions for Chinese Medicine and Natural Drugs” issued by the former State Food and Drug Administration in 2006, and only 6 drugs were labeled for children, accounting for 13.3%. Only 6 drugs were labeled for children, accounting for 13.3%; 14 of the 45 instructions did not specify excipients and 3 did not. Because of the complexity of the ingredients of Chinese medicine injections, which leads to a high incidence of adverse reactions, issues such as the compatibility of solvents and drip rate should be indicated. The presence of proteins, tannins and other magazines in Chinese medicine injections is often due to quality control problems, which can easily cause allergic reactions. The abuse of immunomodulatory drugs inevitably causes harm to the immune system of children. Immunomodulatory drugs are mainly used for immunodeficiency, chronic bacterial or viral infections, AIDS, autoimmune diseases, adjuvant therapy of tumors and certain skin diseases. Immunomodulatory drugs commonly used in clinical practice include drugs of biological origin (interferon, BCG vaccine, gammaglobulin, etc.), bacteriophages, polysaccharides, chemical agents, herbal medicines, etc. Pediatricians should provide appropriate health education to parents of children and change the perception of immunomodulatory drugs as “health supplements” to prevent common diseases such as upper respiratory tract infections in children. For children who are suitable to use immunomodulatory drugs, they should use them regularly, especially for children with tumors or children who partially use immunosuppressive drugs, and health education for their families is especially important. V. Abuse of adjuvant drugs Children are in a high growth and development stage from newborn to infancy, and their needs for trace elements and vitamins are very high. How to correctly assess whether your child needs these “complementary medicines”? This can be left to a professional pediatrician, but the best “complementary medicine” is a sensible diet, as described in “Clinical Use of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements in Disease Control: An Expert Consensus”. Risks of self-medication Self-medication is a global practice, and reasonable self-medication can alleviate the pressure on social medical resources, but often due to the lack of medical knowledge, inability to correctly judge the condition and mis-selling driven by commercial interests, self-medication has many risks in China. According to a domestic survey in 2012, more than 70% of parents are willing to self-medicate their children with minor illnesses or have already done so, but the results are not optimistic, with most scoring 3 – 6 out of 10, and there are many problems in the dosage and type of medication. TO parents: 9 key points for children’s medication 1, children are in the growth and development period, the development of various body organs and tissues are not fully mature, the function is not yet perfect, parents should pay attention to the rational use of medication. 2, parents should pay attention to distinguish between prescription drugs and over-the-counter drugs. Prescription drugs are drugs that can only be purchased and used with a prescription from a licensed physician; over-the-counter drugs are drugs that can be selected, purchased and used without a prescription from a physician and are marked with an “OTC” special logo. 3, children should try to choose children’s formulations, if there is no children’s formulations, you can not take adult drugs in reduced doses without authorization, but strictly in accordance with medical advice. 4, before using drugs for children, parents should read the drug instructions, pay attention to the expiration date of drugs. 5, advocate the principle of “can be taken orally not static”, do not blindly use drugs. 6, whether to use antibacterial drugs, must follow the doctor’s instructions; use should be under the guidance of the doctor in full amount, full course of use; do not use without permission to avoid abuse. 7.After children’s medication, parents should pay attention to observe any adverse reactions and record children’s medication. Once adverse reactions occur, consult a doctor or seek medical advice and provide information on the medication or bring the medication with you. 8. Store medicines at home properly and prevent children from contacting them to avoid accidental poisoning. In case of misuse or overdose, bring the medicine and its package to the doctor as soon as possible. 9, the use of nutrient supplements, depending on the nutritional deficiencies of children and science.