Indications for radiotherapy for testicular malignancy 1. Testicular seminoma is highly sensitive to radiation and has good curative effect. Radiotherapy is needed after surgical removal of the testis. Those with retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis, primary in retroperitoneum or huge tumor with incomplete surgery need radiotherapy, and late stage can be palliative radiotherapy. 2. Radiotherapy for lymphatic drainage area after radical testicular surgery for testicular non-seminomatous cell tumor stage I and II. Indications for radiotherapy for cervical cancer 1.Early and middle stage cervical cancer that cannot be operated, should not be operated or refuse to be operated needs radical radiotherapy. 2. Radical radiotherapy for early-stage cervical cancer with 3D conformal intensity modulation has the same effect as surgery. 3.Radical radiotherapy requires external radiotherapy and intracavitary radiotherapy. 4.Preoperative radiotherapy can shrink the tumor, improve the surgical resection rate and facilitate complete resection. 5.Post-operative radiotherapy is used for those who have residual cancer after surgery, lymph node metastasis, lymphatic vessel cancer embolism, etc. Indications for radiotherapy for endometrial cancer 1. Those with endometrial cancer cavity larger than 8cm or poorly differentiated cells should be treated with preoperative radiotherapy. 2.Postoperative radiotherapy is required for cancer tissue involving the cervix, invading deep muscle layer, lymph node metastasis, pathology of adenosquamous carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma and papillary carcinoma. 3.Late stage endometrial cancer can be treated with palliative radiotherapy to improve the quality of life. Indications for radiotherapy for ovarian malignant tumors 1.Preoperative radiotherapy is used to confirm the diagnosis of radiotherapy-sensitive, isolated, confined to the pelvis and estimated to have difficulties in surgery, which can shrink the tumor and improve the surgical resection rate. 2.Postoperative radiotherapy is mainly used for locally advanced and poorly differentiated tumors, or those with ascites and tumor rupture. 3.Late stage patients with lymph node metastasis can be treated with palliative radiotherapy. Indications for radiotherapy for lymphoma 1.Radiation therapy is the main method for early stage Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HD). Stage I and II Hodgkin’s lymphoma can get good effect after radiotherapy alone. Stage III Hodgkin’s lymphoma needs integrated radiotherapy and chemotherapy. 2.Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) stage I and II use radiotherapy as the main treatment, and then consolidate chemotherapy. Stage III and IV are mainly treated with chemotherapy, plus local radiotherapy. Multiple myeloma 1, myeloma with limited lesions, such as isolated bony or extramedullary myeloma postoperative radiotherapy. 2.Myeloma pathological fracture can be treated with radiotherapy after fixation. 3.Myeloma crestal medullary compression can be treated with radiotherapy. 4.If “painkillers plus chemotherapy drugs” are not effective, radiotherapy can rapidly relieve pain. Bone and soft tissue tumors 1.Surgery plus radiotherapy for bone and soft tissue malignant tumors can avoid extensive amputation. 2. Pre-operative radiotherapy can reduce implantation and dissemination, make the tumor shrink and facilitate surgery, and save the limb to a greater extent. 3.Postoperative radiotherapy can improve the local control rate and have similar survival rate as amputation. 4.Intraoperative radiotherapy is under the direct vision of surgery, the scope of lesion can be easily determined, and the normal tissues can be better protected and irradiated in one large dose to improve the therapeutic effect. Indications for radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal cancer 1.Nasopharyngeal cancer is mainly treated with radiotherapy, and conformal intensity modulation precise radiotherapy is available, which is highly effective and non-disfiguring. 2.Early stage nasopharyngeal cancer is treated by radiotherapy alone. 3.Late stage nasopharyngeal cancer is mainly treated with radiotherapy plus chemotherapy. 4.Nasopharyngeal cancer metastases are treated with chemotherapy and then radiotherapy. 5.Stereotactic radiotherapy can be used for residual nasopharyngeal cancer after radiotherapy. Indications for radiotherapy for laryngeal cancer 1.Early-stage laryngeal cancer (stage I and II) is treated with simple radical radiotherapy, preserving laryngeal function, with a 5-year local control rate of more than 90% and high patient quality of life. 2.Middle and late stage laryngeal cancer (stage III and IV) requires preoperative radiotherapy or postoperative radiotherapy. 3.Late stage laryngeal cancer can be treated with palliative radiotherapy. Indications for radiotherapy for sinus cancer 1.The effect of radiotherapy and surgery for early stage of sinus cancer is basically the same, while radiotherapy is the main treatment for late stage. 2.Septal sinus cancer is treated with radiotherapy after surgery in early stage, and radiotherapy is the main treatment in late stage. 3.Maxillary sinus cancer is treated with preoperative radiotherapy or postoperative radiotherapy in early stage and radiotherapy in late stage. 4.Pterygoid sinus cancer is mainly treated with radiotherapy, the same as radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal cancer. Oral cancer 1.Post-operative radiotherapy for tongue cancer. 2.Tongue root cancer is mainly treated with radiotherapy in early stage and can be treated with stereotactic radiotherapy. In the middle and late stage, postoperative radiotherapy is used. 3.Tonsil cancer is preferred to radiotherapy in early stage, and postoperative radiotherapy can be used in middle and late stage. 4.Radiation therapy is more effective for cancers of the floor of the mouth, oropharynx, gingiva and hard palate. Indications for radiotherapy for intracranial tumors 1.Glioblastoma: postoperative radiotherapy is the main treatment, and stereotactic radiotherapy is available for smaller tumors. 2.Benign tumors such as cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM), cerebral cavernous hemangioma, meningioma, auditory neuroma, pituitary adenoma, craniopharyngioma, etc. with deep location and small volume (<4cm) can be treated with stereotactic radiation therapy with good efficacy. 3, medulloblastoma, germ cell tumor, malignant ventricular meningioma, choroid plexus papilloma and other tumors that are easy to spread along the cerebral crest fluid circulation, then whole brain and whole crest medullary radiotherapy should be used, and then shrink the field to increase the amount locally. Bone metastases The application of radiotherapy for localized bone metastases can relieve pain quickly and with high efficiency (80%-90%), control local tumor destruction and prevent pathological fracture, especially in the case of crestal metastases, and prevent paraplegia; partially or completely restore the damaged neurological function; and gradually repair the damaged bone to obtain long-term remission or clinical cure. Bone metastases are often multiple, and most patients can be irradiated with 1-3 sites including the field. Brain metastases 1. Isolated brain metastases can be treated with stereotactic radiation therapy. 2.Multiple brain metastases can be treated with whole brain radiotherapy and local addition. 3.For larger metastases and obvious edema of the surrounding tissues, irradiation with smaller fields at larger doses can be used first, while applying hormones and dehydrating diuretics. Pulmonary metastases 1.For isolated and limited few lung metastases, stereotactic radiation therapy can be used, which can make the lung metastases disappear or be completely controlled. 2.Palliative radiotherapy can be used when new metastases keep appearing. 3.For extensive metastases in both lungs, radiotherapy can be used after chemotherapy for radiation-sensitive tumors (seminoma, nephroblastoma, malignant lymphoma, etc.). Indications for radiation therapy for tumor emergencies 1.Superior vena cava compression syndrome, which accounts for 70% of lung cancer and 15% of malignant lymphoma, can be rapidly relieved by applying high-dose divided or super-divided radiotherapy. 2.Tumor leads to tracheal compression and inspiratory difficulty, which can be treated by super-segmentation. 3.Increased intracranial pressure can be treated by whole brain radiotherapy, followed by local dose increase, while applying hormone and dehydrating diuretic, and stereotactic radiotherapy can be used for metastases <3cm. 4, crestal medullary compression disease, the earlier the radiation therapy, the better. 5.Bleeding, local radiotherapy is feasible. Radiotherapy for exophytic cauliflower tumor and lymphoma undifferentiated carcinoma has good effect in stopping bleeding, such as lung cancer, bladder cancer, cervical cancer and uterine body cancer can be used for radiotherapy to stop bleeding.