The “resting soil” neural stem cells in neurosurgery The resting soil is a legendary divine object of the Emperor of Heaven, which can grow into various kinds of dams by itself. The human body also has a similar effect of “resting soil” neural stem cells. Neural stem cells are a kind of stem cells with the ability of self-enhancement and self-healing, and they can divide into any kind of nerve cells that produce nerve tissue. For example, a neural stem cell can, under certain conditions, become either a neuron, which is the basic unit that constitutes the structure and function of the nervous system, or an astrocyte, which supports and separates nerve cells. Neural stem cells are not affected by rejection. Neural stem cells from one person’s spinal cord are transplanted into another person’s spinal cord without the need for anti-rejection drugs to suppress the immune system, which sees them as “one of its own”. This property of neural stem cells is quickly causing a stir in the medical community. In traditional medical understanding, it was believed that nerve cells in the adult mammalian brain did not have the ability to renew and could not regenerate if the cells were damaged or died. This view has greatly limited the treatment of central nervous system disorders. Although some progress has been made in traditional drug, surgical and rehabilitation treatments, satisfactory results still cannot be achieved. The emergence of neural stem cells has completely overturned neurosurgery. With the development of medical technology, neural stem cell transplantation technology was soon applied to the clinic for the treatment of stroke (cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage), microcephaly (cerebral palsy), spinal cord injury, cerebral atrophy, ataxia, sequelae of traumatic brain injury, Parkinson’s syndrome, motor neuron disease (ALS), multiple sclerosis, facial palsy, multiple system atrophy (MSA), Alzheimer’s disease, optic nerve atrophy and other diseases. Based on the characteristics of self-enhancement, self-healing, multi-directional differentiation and good tissue fusion, neural stem cells are transplanted to the damaged area of patients, attracted by various chemotactic factors released from the damaged tissues of patients, gather at the damaged area, and differentiate into different types of cells under the action of local microenvironment to repair and replenish the damaged neural cells. The neural stem cells continue to differentiate and proliferate at the damaged site to generate new synapses and establish new neural loops. Refinement of neural stem cell culture extraction There is not only one type of neural stem cells. They can be divided into neural crest stemcell (NC-SC) and central neural stemcell (CNS-SC) according to their distribution sites. According to the differentiation potential and the type of daughter cells produced, they can be divided into neural tube epithelial cells, radial glial neurons, neuroblastoma cells and neural precursor cells. Different neural stem cells should correspond to different neurological diseases separately, otherwise it will only be half-hearted.