Pathologic myopia is also known as degenerative myopia, and a significant proportion of high myopia (those with axial myopia exceeding -6.00D, called high myopia) belongs to it. The pathogenesis of this disease is complex. In addition to genetics being identified as the main factor, the acquired environment (physical condition, living environment, eye habits, prolonged close work, videos, etc.) can lead to myopia progression. In the development of myopia, the extension of the patient’s sclera, especially the extension and thinning of the posterior sclera, and the eye as if it were a blown-up balloon, is the key to the development of high myopia from ordinary axial myopia and is the basis for the pathogenesis of pathological myopia. Due to excessive scleral extension and thinning, the retina and choroid also extend and thin, resulting in a series of pathological changes and vision loss or even blindness. Therefore, pathological myopia is not the same as high myopia, but there is a very close correlation between the two. Symptoms and signs: 1, leopard-like fundus (tigroidfundus) due to retinal pigment and choroidal diffuse atrophy, capillary layer and medium-vessel layer vascular reduction, orange-red large-vessel layer vascular reveal obvious, so the fundus is leopard-like changes. Some normal elderly people can also be seen in the fundus. 2, optic disc tilt, myopic arc and posterior scleral staphyloma due to high myopia eye anterior and posterior diameters elongated, the posterior pole occurs limited dilatation, the formation of posterior scleral staphyloma, and the optic nerve is easy to present oblique into the ball. The temporal side of the optic disc protrudes posteriorly, causing the optic disc to become a significant elliptical oblique entry, with a crescent-shaped atrophy spot on its temporal side, called the myopic arc or extended myopic arc. The myopic arc is mostly on the temporal side of the optic disc, but also on the superior or inferior temporal side. When the temporal myopic arc extends outward, upward and downward, it can surround the whole optic disc, forming peripapillary choroidal retinal atrophy. 3, macular map-like atrophy and lacunar crack-like circular or map-like retinal atrophy into white or yellow-white, varying in size and number, partially isolated or fused into large patches. Large atrophic spots can be connected with peripapillary atrophy to become a huge atrophic area including optic disc and macula. There is often pigment accumulation within the atrophic spots or their edges, and sometimes residual choroidal vessels can be seen. Macular atrophy and its vicinity, can often be seen branching or mesh-like white or yellow-white lines, varying in width, the edge is not neat or jagged, similar to the old lacquer cracks, so called lacquer crackles-like lesions (lacquercracklesion). Mostly seen in the macula and between the optic disc and macula, it is due to Bruch’s membrane rupture and pigment epithelial atrophy, and FFA is translucent fluorescence. By this time the vision is diminished and cannot be corrected to normal vision. Fundus changes need to be observed regularly and avoid strenuous activities as much as possible. 4, macular hemorrhage, CNV and Fuchs spot choroidal neovascularization (CNV) or no neovascularization leads to macular hemorrhage, the size and number are variable. It is mostly seen in the macula or its vicinity in front of or below the retina. Fuchs spots can be seen in one or both eyes, and occasionally two black spots are seen in the fundus of one eye. It is recommended to treat it as early as possible to reduce the damage to vision. 5.Macular fissure is a well-defined round red spot in the macula, and the adjacent retina is gray. Regular review, surgical treatment is needed. 6, vitreous liquefaction and peripheral retinal degeneration due to the enlargement of the eye, one vitreous easy to liquefy, part of the concentration into membrane-like or stripe-like clouding, vitreous liquefaction clouding produces mosquitoes or incomplete detachment at the traction and occurrence of flash; two, scleral extension, the retina also thinned and easy to form atrophic lesions in the equatorial part, during the visible cross into a network of white lines (retinal end small blood vessels white line This is known as lattice-like degeneration, which can easily form retinal fissures and lead to retinal detachment. Once detected, laser treatment should be given immediately to avoid retinal detachment. The two can easily aggravate each other. Examination methods: 1.Visual acuity examination to understand the refractive power and corrected visual acuity. 2.B ultrasound examination to detect the length of the eye axis and assess the nature of myopia. 3, Fundus color photography and fundus fluorescence angiography (FFA) for diagnosis and follow-up of changes in the condition. 4.Indocyanine green angiography to detect choroidal neovascularization and the effect of treatment. 5.OCT or OCT-A, which is an advanced non-invasive, non-radiation and rapid examination method. It is especially used to examine and diagnose macular diseases. Complications: 1, retinal detachment vitreous liquefaction clouding and retinal degeneration both interact with each other, leading to retinal detachment, mostly occurring as foramen ovale retinal detachment. Once found, operate as soon as possible. 2.Glaucoma is easily confused because the sclera stretches and hardens in myopic eyes, and the IOP is measured to be low; the atrial angle structure also changes, affecting the atrial water flow; and the optic disc is abnormal in myopic eyes. Drug or surgical treatment. 3. Complicated cataract is mostly seen in post-middle-aged myopic patients with brown clouding of the lens nucleus or manifested as cortical clouding under the posterior capsule of the lens. Depending on the visual acuity, surgical treatment. Prevention: 1. The best way to correct refractive error is to achieve the best comfortable corrected visual acuity with the lowest degree. In addition to this, corneal contact lenses can be used for correction, which can reduce the loss of visual quality caused by glasses and can also expand the field of vision. 2, visual education good eye habits is extremely important. Do not take too long each time you look close, generally lasting 45min-1h when relaxing and resting both eyes. These visual education is especially important in adolescents. 3.Strengthen outdoor activities this is especially in the adolescent development period, outdoor activities are recommended; in addition, sufficient sleep, thus contributing to the development of vision. 4.The various degenerative changes that appear in the fundus of the eye are irreversible once formed. Application of allogeneic homogeneous sclera or other materials for posterior scleral reinforcement of the eye, hoping to stop further extension of the posterior sclera, the long-term efficacy is yet to be observed.