Children are sensitive to visual development, and if eye disease occurs during this period, it may cause serious consequences for the child, even lifelong visual disability. At present, the prevalence of amblyopia caused by various reasons in children in China is about 1-3%, and a significant proportion of these eye diseases can be treated early to restore vision. Therefore, paying attention to eye diseases in childhood, early detection and treatment can effectively avoid the occurrence of visual disability. Amblyopia is a visual impairment caused by functional factors without obvious organic lesions in the eye, and the best corrected visual acuity is lower than the normal visual acuity of the age group. The sensitive period of visual development is from birth to 8 years old, and before 8 years old is the critical period. If eye abnormalities occur during this period, so that the macula, the most sensitive part of vision, cannot receive sufficient visual stimulation, amblyopia can occur. Amblyopia occurs during childhood and seriously affects the learning and life of the children, and even threatens their safety. Common causes of amblyopia include strabismus, moderate to high hyperopia, and congenital eye disease, etc. Strabismic amblyopia is the most common, and is most likely to occur in monocular constant strabismus. The most common cause of amblyopia is strabismus amblyopia, which is a permanent monocular strabismus. Children with amblyopia who have abnormal visual acuity may have a tendency to squint at objects, squint at TV, squint at objects, strabismus, nystagmus, etc. Severe binocular vision abnormalities may be manifested as the phenomenon of “blindness”, i.e., not looking at the target and not turning the eyes with the movement of people or objects. Parents should have high suspicion of vision abnormalities once they find the above, and go to the hospital for early examination. For children with monocular amblyopia, if there are no obvious abnormalities in the outer eye, they are not easily detected by parents. Amblyopia should be treated before the age of 8, that is, before the development of visual function is complete, and the younger the age at which treatment begins, the better the results. The treatment methods for amblyopia include: masking, posterior image therapy, visual stimulation therapy, red consideration light sheet therapy, suppression therapy, etc. There are amblyopia treatment devices, computer software (CD-ROM or internet), etc., but the simplest and most effective method is still the traditional masking therapy. The improvement of visual acuity in amblyopic eyes is a slow process, and masking and visual training require patient persistence of the child, patient supervision of the parents, and regular follow-up visits. Strabismus is a common eye disease in children, with a prevalence of about 1.5%, including common strabismus with normal eye movements and paralytic strabismus with impaired eye movements, and common strabismus is common. The diagnosis of strabismus is not difficult, and it is easy to attract parents’ attention, but many parents know little about the treatment of strabismus, and some parents still have misconceptions about the treatment of strabismus, thinking that their children are too young to receive corrective surgery and wait until they grow up, or even mistakenly thinking that strabismus can slowly get better. Since strabismus is often combined with amblyopia, and the skewed eye position causes the loss of binocular vision, the treatment of amblyopia and binocular vision should not be neglected while correcting the skewed eye position. The most common common type of strabismus in children, common internal strabismus, can be cured by wearing corrective glasses if it is caused by adjustment factors, i.e., strabismus caused by moderate to high hyperopia, while all other types of strabismus must in principle be corrected by surgery. The timing of surgery is to treat severe amblyopia first and to operate as early as possible based on the treatment of amblyopia. If surgery is done after adulthood, both eyes will look normal after surgery, but will never be able to obtain normal binocular vision again, i.e., lack of stereoscopic vision, and cannot engage in fine work. Therefore, once parents find strabismus, they should go to the hospital for careful examination and early treatment. Myopia is the peak of myopia among children and adolescents between the ages of 8 and 16, and the prevalence of myopia is about 30% among elementary school students and 60% among secondary school students in Shanghai. The causes of myopia include genetic and environmental factors, and most of the myopia is caused by environmental factors, i.e., excessive eye use and poor eye hygiene. Excessive eye use is an important factor in the rising incidence of myopia among adolescents. Long study hours, long duration and short sleep hours (two long and one short), more extracurricular homework, more exams and less time for extracurricular activities (two more and one less) increase the burden on the eyes. Watching TV and playing video games add to the burden on the eyes. Poor eye habits, including reading too close to the eyes, reading in turbulent cars, reading while walking, reading in direct sunlight or dim light, and reading while lying in bed, promote the occurrence of myopia. The prevention of myopia focuses on prevention, which should be mainly on improving the visual environment, developing good reading and writing habits and posture, and avoiding excessive eye use. Lighting should be appropriate, make eye exercises, pay attention to physical exercise, enhance physical fitness, reasonable dietary habits, avoid partial diet, etc. The main treatment for myopia in children is glasses, parents should not believe in certain instruments and drugs. Some parents believe that “myopia is best not to wear glasses, the more you wear will be deeper”, which is not scientific, more than 100 degrees of myopia is generally advocated with glasses, if not with glasses, because the class can not see clearly not only affect learning, and easy to fatigue, but will contribute to the development of myopia. ok lens (keratoplasty) and RGP (rigid gas permeable) The use of OK lenses (keratoplasty) and RGP (rigid gas permeable glasses) can slow down the development of myopia, and can be considered for children with rapid myopia development. While paying attention to common eye diseases such as strabismus, amblyopia and myopia, parents should not ignore congenital eye diseases such as congenital cataracts, especially those with a family history of congenital eye diseases. Congenital cataracts are characterized by white pupils, or leukopthalmia; congenital glaucoma is characterized by large eyes with no light and photophobia and tearing; for low-birth-weight premature infants with a history of oxygenation, eye examinations should be routinely performed to rule out retinopathy of prematurity. Eye disease in childhood seriously affects the healthy growth of the child, and parents should pay great attention to their children’s visual health and early detection of any visual abnormalities. If there is a family history of eye disease, the child should be examined by an ophthalmologist before the age of 1 year. Since children are young and cannot express their senses accurately, and some eye diseases do not have special symptoms, parents should observe carefully, and when children are able to cooperate with the examination after the age of 3, it is necessary to go to the hospital ophthalmology department for a comprehensive examination, regardless of whether the vision is good or bad, so that vision abnormalities can be detected and treated as early as possible to restore the normal vision of the affected children.