Male fertility assessment 1. Semen analysis: still the most important clinical means of male fertility assessment 2. Male sexual function assessment: patient’s own assessment; sexual partner’s assessment, penile erection test. 3.Male reproductive endocrine hormone measurement. 4.Age, living habits, environment (long-term radiation, heavy metals, high temperature, pesticides, etc.), systemic diseases, heredity, etc. 5.Sperm function test. Main indicators of semen analysis: (1) sperm motility (2) total viability (3) survival rate (4) viability (activity rate) Severe oligospermia: >=1,<5x10^6/ml; total sperm count 1.5-7.5x10^6 Severe weak spermatozoa: >=1%,<10% (forward moving sperm); total forward moving sperm count 0.4 -4x10^6 Severe teratozoospermia: >=1%,<2% (normal sperm morphology rate); total number of normal sperm morphology <0.8x10^6