①Azoospermia: This disease is a disease in which no sperm is detected in the semen of the patient, and is a common cause of male infertility and an absolute infertility pointer. According to statistics, azoospermia accounts for 10% of male infertility. The diagnosis, which implies a lack of male fertility, is a very serious blow and therefore established very strictly, requiring no less than three semen analyses, centrifugation of the semen and microscopic observation of the precipitate still without sperm being found before azoospermia can be confirmed. The causes of this disease are mainly endocrine disorders, especially hormonal disorders of the gonadal axis, or loss of spermatogenic function of the testes themselves, or obstruction of the vas deferens and related glands, resulting in the inability to eliminate sperm from the body, of which about half of the azoospermia is caused by obstruction of the vas deferens-related ducts. Oligospermia: Oligospermia refers to the lack of sperm count. However, we must be clear that sperm density is not an absolute indicator of male fertility. If the sperm count is low and the viability is good, pregnancy is still possible. Therefore, oligospermia is not absolute infertility, but a low relative pregnancy rate. From clinical studies, it is found that the fertility rate decreases significantly when the sperm density is lower than 20×106/ml, but normal individuals are affected by the environment, and the results of the same individual’s laboratory tests at different times can be completely different. Therefore, to determine whether it is oligospermia, the patient needs to cheer face several times to judge. The latest WTO points out that multiple semen cheerfulness sperm density below 15×106/ml is oligospermia, which can be judged as low fertility. ③ Weak spermatozoa: It refers to male infertility caused by decreased sperm motility in semen. Sperm activity is divided into forward motion and non-forward motion, of which weak spermatozoa is diagnosed when the ratio of forward motion sperm to all sperm is less than 32%. Again, weak spermatozoa is not an absolute infertility pointer, but a relative one. There are many causes of weak spermatozoa, such as abstinence, testicular spermatogenic dysfunction, reproductive system infection, varicocele, etc. The name suggests that malformed sperm increase refers to male infertility caused by an increased rate of malformed sperm in the semen, because malformed sperm do not have normal mobility and fertility. About 4% of male infertility is caused by abnormal spermatozoa found in semen tests. The percentage of normal sperm in a normal person’s semen is generally greater than 4%, and when the percentage of normal sperm is less than or equal to 4%, it is called aberrant spermatozoa. Multiple factors can lead to an increase in deformed sperm, such as reproductive tract infections, varicocele, drug use, etc. Allergic reactions can also cause sperm deformities. Likewise, aberrant spermatozoa are not an absolute indicator of male fertility. ⑤ Semen is not liquefied: The semen of a healthy male, when ejaculated out of the body, is in the form of jelly clots, i.e. coagulated sperm. Later, within 30-60 minutes, it changes to a liquid state and becomes a clearer liquid, i.e. the liquefaction of semen. If the discharged semen is still in a jelly state within 60 minutes, it becomes a semen non-liquefaction disorder. The non-liquefaction of semen prevents sperm from entering the fallopian tube of the uterus to unite with the egg and fertilize it, thus causing infertility. It is generally believed that a variety of enzymes produced by the prostate gland are involved in the semen liquefaction process; therefore, abnormalities in the prostate gland or seminal vesicles can lead to the disease. According to statistics, 90% of patients with semen non-liquefaction have a history of prostatitis. The frequency of ejaculation and the volume of semen are closely related. if the person under examination has not ejaculated for a week and the volume of semen is still less than 1ml. it can be considered abnormal. The physiological mechanism of sperm penetration through the cervical mucus can occur when semen volume is low. When semen volume is low now, attention should be paid to identify whether there is retrograde ejaculation, low androgen secretion by the testes, dysfunction of the accessory gonads or improper collection methods. If the semen volume is low and the freshly discharged semen is not coagulated, and no spermatozoa are found on microscopic examination, congenital seminal vesicle defects should be suspected. Patients whose semen volume often exceeds 6 ml often have lower sperm density due to sperm dilution, thus causing decreased fertility. Such patients who do step-by-step ejaculation examination can often be found to have better quality semen discharged from the anterior segment, or in a few cases, better quality semen discharged from the middle or posterior segment. Artificial insemination of the part of semen collected with better quality can improve the conception rate. (7) Immunological infertility: The presence of anti-sperm antibodies on the blood or seminal plasma and sperm surface, thus causing the male’s own sperm antigen antibody reaction, resulting in sperm agglutination and reduced sperm viability, which affects conception and leads to infertility. Studies have found that about 10% of male infertility is related to immune factors.