Infection can occur in any invasive lumbar spine diagnostic operation or surgery, and postoperative lumbar spine infection can often complicate the condition due to the proximity of nerve structures, resulting in prolonged hospitalization, increased medical costs, and serious impact on patient recovery and prognosis. If postoperative infection in the lumbar spine is not treated in a timely and reasonable manner, it can cause chronic pain, internal fixation failure, pseudo-joint formation or permanent neurological dysfunction, and even serious consequences such as sepsis, multi-organ failure and death. The incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) after spine surgery has been reported in the literature to be 1-20% due to differences in the number of cases, follow-up time, statistical study design, and definition of postoperative infection among studies, and fewer studies have been conducted on postoperative infection in the lumbar spine alone. A 10-year follow-up study showed an overall infection rate of 8.5% for initial lumbar spine surgery and 12.2% for revision surgery. With advances in antimicrobial drugs, surgical techniques, and perioperative management, the incidence of postoperative lumbar spine infections is gradually decreasing, but the early identification, prevention, and treatment of postoperative lumbar spine infections is still clinically challenging.