Cervical cancer is an infectious disease that is preventable, treatable, curable and eradicable. Its oncogenic virus is human papillomavirus (HPV), which is the only fully identifiable oncogenic virus in human carcinogenesis. Prevention of HPV infection can prevent cervical cancer, and the absence of HPV infection can prevent cervical cancer. HPV can be found in almost all pathological samples of cervical cancer, thus confirming that HPV is the main cause of cervical cancer and making cervical cancer the only cancer with a clear etiology among all human cancer lesions at present. From the above narrative, you may feel that HPV is a very scary virus, but the following introduction will give you a new understanding of it if you read it, and you will not feel very afraid of it. HPV infection is not uncommon in sexually active young women under the age of 30 (18-28) (4-15%), with a lifetime accumulation probability of infection of even 40%, but this infection is usually “transient” or “transient HPV carrier status”. CIN1, CIN2, CIN3 can occur in 8-24 months on average, and invasive cancer can occur in 8-12 years on average. The basic factor for the occurrence of cervical cancer is HPV infection, including HPV DNA content, type, infection time, host’s immune function, etc., while its auxiliary factors also play a great role in the pathogenesis, such as premature sex, multiple births, multiple sexual partners, smoking, repeated sexually transmitted diseases, etc. HPV is divided into low-risk and high-risk types, with low-risk types such as 6,11,42,43,44, and high-risk types such as 16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,53,56, and the types of oncogenic HPV vary from country to country and region to region. HPV detection methods include cytology, speckle blotting, fluorogenic in situ hybridization, hC (hybridization capture), in situ hybridization, etc. hC2 is the current HPV test. hC2 is currently the best method for HPV detection, with a sensitivity of 88-100% for detecting high grade lesions (HSIL), and can directly detect 13 types of high-risk HPVDNA, at an acceptable price. This is the method currently used at our hospital. Persistent HPV infection is an important condition for having CIN. Low-risk HPV infection or HPV negativity rarely or never occurs in cervical cancer (5-10 years), so HPV testing is used together with cytology as a means of cervical cancer screening in women over 30 years of age. There is a lack of good treatment for viral infections and the best strategy today is to “treat the disease” or “treat the virus”. HPV vaccines, both preventive and therapeutic, are being tested in clinical trials and are expected to benefit women in the near future, keeping them away from cervical lesions and cervical cancer.