Calcium and vitamin D preparations are bone mineralization-promoting drugs, which are essential for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Calcium preparations are often referred to as calcium supplements, which are often used in combination with vitamin D. If calcium is supplemented alone, the effect is not good. Calcium preparations are divided into four categories: inorganic calcium, organic acid calcium, organic calcium and natural biological calcium. 1. Inorganic calcium includes calcium oxide, calcium carbonate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, calcium chloride, calcium hydroxide and so on. Inorganic calcium has high calcium content, low solubility and high irritation to the gastrointestinal tract, mainly used for the treatment of acute calcium deficiency (hand-foot convulsion). It is generally not used for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Among the various calcium salts, calcium carbonate has the highest absorption rate of about 40%. Many scholars recommend the use of calcium carbonate as a calcium supplement, which has the advantages of high calcium content, high absorption rate and relatively low price. Calcium carbonate must be broken down into calcium ions by the action of gastric acid before it can be absorbed. If gastric acid secretion is insufficient, calcium carbonate can affect the stomach’s digestion and absorption of food, and sometimes gastrointestinal side effects such as constipation and nausea can occur. 2, organic acid calcium class including calcium gluconate, calcium lactate, calcium citrate, calcium citrate, etc.. Calcium organic acid has low calcium content and high solubility. Calcium gluconate and calcium lactate are widely used, but the calcium content is low (13% for calcium lactate and 9% for calcium gluconate), so the dosage is larger each time, and it is not convenient to take orally, and it is mostly used for intravenous drip, which is often used to regulate the electrolyte balance in patients. 3, organic calcium, including calcium L-threonate, calcium amino acid chelate, calcium gold, etc.. Organic calcium has high bioavailability, good absorption, no obvious toxic side effects, etc., and is increasingly used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. LELI amino acid chelated calcium capsule is a compound preparation, which contains calcium, but also phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese and other elements and vitamin D and vitamin C. The advantages of this drug are high absorption rate in human body, no toxic side effects and obvious effect. For the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis has a better effect, and can provide the ingredients needed for bone growth and development. 4, natural biological calcium natural biological calcium is the marine organisms (such as shells, oysters, etc.) or animal bones for processing and production of calcium products. At present, there are a large number of calcium supplements on the market for osteoporosis patients to choose from, with varying efficacy and quality. In the author’s opinion, the choice of calcium supplements should not be based on propaganda and advertisements, but rather on examination and consultation at a regular hospital to understand one’s physical condition and to choose a calcium supplement suitable for oneself under the guidance of a physician. The use of calcium supplements for osteoporosis should pay attention to the following points: 1. The causes of osteoporosis must be clarified in order to treat and supplement calcium at the right time. The common types of osteoporosis are: primary osteoporosis (including postmenopausal osteoporosis, senile osteoporosis) and secondary osteoporosis (including osteoporosis caused by thyroid disease, parathyroid disease, chronic kidney disease, blood disease, drugs, alcohol, etc.). For primary osteoporosis, calcium supplementation is undoubtedly an important and effective treatment, and the methods of calcium supplementation described in this book are mainly for primary osteoporosis. For the treatment of secondary osteoporosis, the first step is to diagnose and treat the primary disease or remove the causative factors, and then it is a matter of how to supplement calcium. If you just take calcium supplements, not only is it ineffective, but it may also delay the treatment. 2, for the treatment of primary osteoporosis, calcium supplementation cannot replace the normal and necessary dietary calcium supplementation. Because, most of the calcium required by the human body comes from the diet, the human body from the food intake of calcium is the most economical, most reasonable, the most efficient, and calcium preparations to supplement the calcium into the human body must have a process of absorption and metabolism, part of the calcium ions are excreted out of the body. Therefore, people should establish the concept of “medicine is not as good as food”, not to mention medicine with food. At present, the best calcium food is recognized as milk, which is not only high in calcium (about 120 mg of calcium per 100 mg of milk), but also easily absorbed by the body, and is an irreplaceable source of dietary calcium for drugs. 3, calcium supplementation to play a “protracted war”, to long-term, balanced calcium supplementation, not only can not take drugs, sudden calcium supplementation, and not “three days to fish, two days to sunbathe”. In other words, the body can not store excessive calcium, daily calcium supplementation so that the calcium gained by the body can not make up for the calcium lost in the past, so calcium supplementation should be carried out daily in a balanced manner. In order to avoid waste, do not supplement a large amount of calcium at a time, which does not help the absorption of calcium, with the daily 3 meals to supplement calcium can increase the absorption of calcium. 4, to choose a calcium preparation that is less stimulating to the gastrointestinal tract. Because calcium supplements need to be taken for a longer period of time in order to be effective, so the drug should be selected. Currently used active calcium, calcium carbonate and calcium gluconate are easy to take, while calcium chloride tastes bitter and has a certain stimulation to the gastrointestinal tract and should not be taken for a long time. 5, when taking calcium to increase the amount of water to increase the amount of urine to reduce the chance of urinary stone formation. Because the high concentration of calcium ions in the urine is one of the causes of stone formation. For those who already have urinary stones, ultrasound and other examinations should be done regularly after taking calcium supplements in order to understand the changes of stones. 6, the use of estrogen side effects are more obvious, may induce endometrial cancer of elderly women, appropriate increase the dose of calcium, while reducing the amount of hormones, the same can achieve the purpose of treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. For osteoporosis patients over 65 years old, the maximum daily intake of calcium can reach 1 gram-1.5 grams.