Examination methods in neonatal period 1.Appearance and skin pattern When hip dislocation, the thigh and calf are not proportional to the opposite side, the hip is wide, the inguinal folds are asymmetrical, the affected side is short or disappeared, the hip folds are also different, the affected side is elevated or more than one, the whole lower limb is shortened and mildly externally rotated position. 2.Weak pulsation of the femoral artery The femoral artery can be found one finger below the intersection of the inguinal ligament and the femoral artery, the femoral head is lined with the femoral artery and the pulsation is strong and powerful, after dislocation of the femoral head the lining of the femoral artery disappears and the pulsation is weakened. 3. Allis sign or Galeazzi sign The newborn lies flat on his back, bends the knee 85°~90°, both feet are flat on the bed, and the two ankles are close together and the two knees are seen to be unequal in height. This is due to the upward displacement of the femur. 4, Barlow test (pop-up test) is a reliable method to diagnose hip dysplasia and hip instability: the child is supine, the examiner faces the baby’s buttocks, both hips and knees are flexed 90°, the thumb is placed on the inner thigh at the small rotor with pressure, push the femoral head upward, feel the femoral head slide out of the acetabulum outside the acetabulum pop-up, when the pressure of the thumb is removed, the femoral head naturally pops back into the When the thumb pressure is removed, the femoral head will naturally rebound back into the acetabulum, which is called positive, but the operation should be gentle to prevent violence. 5, Ortolani sign or abduction test This method is reliable and is an important method for neonatal census, the child lies flat, bend the knee and hip at 90° each, the examiner faces the child’s hip, both hands hold both knees while abducting and externally rotating, the normal knee lateral surface can touch the bed, when abduction is limited to a certain extent, and the knee lateral surface cannot touch the bed, it is called a positive abduction test. When abduction to a certain degree is suddenly bounced, then abduction can reach 90°, which is called a positive Ortolani sign and is the most reliable sign of hip dislocation. Examination of older children In addition to the above-mentioned Allis sign and abduction test, the following should be examined: 1. Limping gait Limping is often the only complaint in children who visit the clinic. Lameness is often the only complaint in children who present to the clinic with unilateral dislocation and bilateral dislocation with a “duck gait” and significant posterior protrusion of the hips. 2.Sleeve test The child is lying down, bend the hip and knee at 90° each, hold the knee joint with one hand and hold the other hand against the anterior superior iliac spine on both sides of the pelvis, press the knee joint downward to feel the femoral head coming out backward, and lift the knee joint upward to feel the femoral head entering the acetabulum. 3.Nelaton line The line between the anterior superior iliac spine and the sciatic tuberosity normally passes through the apex of the greater trochanter is called the Nelaton line, and the greater trochanter is above this line during dislocation. 4.Trendelenburg test Ask the child to stand on one leg and bend the hip and knee on the other leg as much as possible, so that the foot is off the ground. When standing normally, the pelvis rises bilaterally; after dislocation, the femoral head cannot hold the acetabulum and the gluteus medius muscle is weak, so that the pelvis on the opposite side falls, which is especially clear when observed from behind.