Hemoptysis (hemoptysis) is bleeding from the respiratory organs below the larynx that is discharged from the mouth by coughing action Hemoptysis must first be differentiated from oral, pharyngeal, and nasal bleeding Oral and pharyngeal bleeding are easily observed as localized foci of bleeding. Nasal bleeding mostly flows from the anterior nostrils, and the foci of bleeding are often found in the lower part of the anterior nasal septum, which is easier to diagnose. Sometimes the bleeding from the posterior part of the nasal cavity is large and can be misdiagnosed as hemoptysis. The diagnosis can be confirmed if blood is seen to flow down the pharyngeal wall from the posterior nostril by nasopharyngoscopy. The former often has a history of tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, lung cancer, heart disease, etc. Before bleeding, there is a cough, throat itching and chest tightness, and the blood is bright red, mixed with foamy sputum, usually without tarry stools; the latter often has a history of peptic ulcer, cirrhosis, etc. Before bleeding, there is upper abdominal discomfort, nausea and vomiting, etc. The blood is brown-black or dark red, sometimes bright red, mixed with food residue and gastric juice. It is mixed with food residue and gastric juice and has tarry stools, which may persist for several days after the vomiting has stopped. There are different definitions for estimating the amount of hemoptysis. Large hemoptysis usually refers to hemoptysis of more than 600-800 ml in 24 h or more than 300 ml per hemoptysis; small hemoptysis refers to less than 100 ml per hemoptysis; moderate hemoptysis refers to 100-300 ml per hemoptysis. 1. Routine blood, urine and fungal cultures Routine blood and urine and stool tests, tests related to coagulation mechanisms, sputum antacid bacilli, tumor cells, lung aspirate early eggs, sputum general culture and fungal culture, etc., which are of great help to clarify the etiology of hemoptysis. 2.X-ray examination Chest X-ray should be performed for each hemoptysis, and posteroanterior and lateral chest photography, resting layer and CT photography should be performed if necessary. Echocardiography, CT, nuclear imaging, MRI, etc. should be used for examination. X-ray examinations are divided into two categories: general examinations and imaging examinations. Among the former, fluoroscopy and photography are the most basic methods, which are simple and easy to perform and should be used first. Cardiovascular angiography is the rapid injection of contrast agent into the heart and large blood vessels to show the morphology and hemodynamic changes of the heart and large blood vessels, providing valuable information for the diagnosis of heart and large blood vessel diseases and for surgical treatment. 3.Bronchoscopy Bronchoscopy is the placement of a thin bronchoscope into the patient’s lower respiratory tract through the mouth or nose, that is, through the voice box into the trachea and bronchi and more distally, to directly observe the lesions of the trachea and bronchi, and to conduct corresponding examination and treatment according to the lesions. Broadly speaking, this includes transbronchial lesion biopsy, bronchial mucosal biopsy, transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) and transbronchial needle aspiration biopsy (TBNA). Most lung and airway diseases, such as tumors, interstitial lung disease, granulomatous disease, and certain infectious diseases, require transbronchial biopsy to determine the diagnosis, and this is the most commonly performed test. 4.Electrocardiogram An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a technique that uses an electrocardiogram machine to record from the body surface a graphical representation of the changes in electrical activity generated by each cardiac cycle of the heart.