To understand what an artificial pacemaker is, let’s first look at how a normal heart works. The human heart is made up of the muscles of the heart, about the size of your own fist, and is located in the chest between the two lungs. The heart needs to pump blood continuously throughout the body, carrying oxygen, nutrients and energy to the cells and organs in all parts of the body for its daily survival needs. The human heart is made up of four chambers, which are surrounded by the heart muscle. The upper two chambers are called the left atrium and the right atrium, and the lower two chambers are called the left ventricle and the right ventricle, respectively. The ventricles are larger and more muscular than the atria. Blood flows from the atria to the ventricles, which then pump blood to each part of the body for use, and finally blood flows back from each part of the body again in aggregate into the two atria. The atria flow blood into the ventricles again, and the ventricles pump blood out to the whole body, and so begins a new cycle. This is how the heart works continuously, providing oxygen to the cells of the body. The beating of the heart is directed, and the number of heartbeats in a normal person should be about 60-100 beats per minute. The tissue that directs the beating of the heart is a specially differentiated cell located on the upper right side of the heart, called the sinus node, which is the “natural pacemaker” that regularly and spontaneously generates electrical signals to stimulate the heart to contract and diastole. The “natural pacemaker” also increases the frequency of the heartbeat as the body’s needs increase, such as during exercise, when the blood flow needs to be accelerated, the “natural pacemaker” can command an increase in the heartbeat. When resting quietly, the heartbeat can be slowed down, and when sleeping, it can be further slowed down, with the slowest heartbeat in a normal person reaching about 40 beats per minute after sleep. For the four chambers of the heart to work in concert under the direction of the “natural pacemaker”, they need to contract in a certain sequence. The “natural pacemaker” needs to transmit electrical signals along a certain pathway to the muscle tissue of each part of the heart, and the speed of transmission is necessary to ensure that the contractions of each part are in synchronization. In the heart, there is a special conduction pathway, similar to a “wire”, which conducts electrical signals very quickly. After an electrical signal is generated by the “natural pacemaker” located in the upper right atrium, the electrical signal can be excited by the left atrium through a special conduction pathway, and at the same time, the two ventricles can be excited by downward conduction. When the “natural pacemaker” is not working properly, the electrical signals and excitation are not generated, or when the electrical signals and excitation generated by the “natural pacemaker” are blocked in the conduction to the ventricles, so that the heart stops contracting or contracts less. The patient’s life may be in danger if the electrical signals and excitation generated by the “natural pacemaker” are blocked in their conduction to the ventricles, so that the heart stops contracting or slows down. An abnormal functioning of the “natural pacemaker” is like a problem with the “brain command” of the heart, which does not produce a normal beat. A blocked electrical signal transmission is like a “broken electrical wire”, which can stop the motor. Sometimes, these “faults” are caused by reversible causes, and the “faults” can be eliminated by removing these causes. However, in most cases, these “failures” are caused by irreversible causes and require replacement of “parts”, and since myocardial tissue is not regenerable, they need to be solved by manual means. In this case, a device called “artificial pacemaker” is used to treat this disease. The artificial pacemaker consists of two main parts: a pulse generator, which is equivalent to a “microcomputer” that simulates a “natural pacemaker” and issues electrical signals to direct the heart to beat according to the rules; and a wire, which is equivalent to an electric wire The other part is a wire that connects the “mini-computer” to the atria and ventricles, sending electrical signals from the “mini-computer” to the atria and ventricles to stimulate them to contract. In this way, the “artificial pacemaker” not only has a “command” for the heartbeat, but also a wire for smooth conduction, bypassing the area where the blockage occurs. Therefore, when you have a slow heartbeat or a block in heart conduction and your doctor confirms that there is no reversible cause, you will be recommended to have an artificial pacemaker implanted. The pulse generator is very small, the size of a small matchbox, half the thickness of a small matchbox, very light, made of titanium, and has a long battery life of about 6-10 years. The leads are very thin, one end can be inserted into the atria and ventricles of the heart via a vein, and the other end is connected to the pulse generator, which is buried under the skin and fatty tissue.