1.Arterial disease
Dilatative: aneurysms (including true, pseudo and intercalated aneurysms).
Occlusive: atherosclerotic vascular occlusive disease (all blood vessels in the body can be involved).
Acute arterial occlusion.
Thromboembolic vasculitis.
Symptoms: Cold extremities, fear of cold, numbness, intermittent claudication (differentiated from neurologic claudication, which has normal arterial pulsations and is relieved by squatting or forward bending position), resting pain (chronic ischemia: intermittent; acute: persistent).
Signs: pale skin at the site of ischemia, low skin temperature, dry flaking, severe dry ulcers (black) necrotic arterial pulsations are not palpable or weaker than the healthy side.
Myasthenia gravis may be present
Berger’s sign
(The above signs and symptoms are more typical for lower extremity ischemia, and upper extremity ischemia, mainly subclavian artery stenosis, mainly manifesting as theft syndrome, with dizziness and headache vertigo predominating).
Physical examination and ancillary tests.
Bilateral carotid artery, brachial artery, radial artery, femoral artery, N artery, posterior tibial artery and dorsalis pedis artery were palpated for arterial pulsation, and both sides were compared to measure bilateral lower limb ankle-brachial index (Doppler segmental manometry).
Ultrasound
CTA, MRA, DSA (gold standard)
2.Venous disease
Dilatation: varicose veins of lower limbs.
Occlusive: deep and superficial venous thrombosis, etc.
Physical examination and auxiliary examination.
Limb “bruising” swelling, distension, skin pigmentation, ulceration, etc.
Venous ultrasound, etc.
3.Other
Angioma, vascular malformation, etc.