Influenza prevention and response Influenza (referred to as influenza) is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by the influenza virus, is one of the major public health problems facing mankind. China is a high prevalence of influenza, the 20th century, three of the four pandemics originated in our country. 1918, the 20th century, the first influenza world pandemic deaths amounted to 20 million, more than the number of deaths in the First World War, and later successively in 1957, 1968, 1977, there are pandemics. Influenza epidemic has a certain seasonality. In the north of China, it often occurs in winter, while in the south, it occurs in winter and summer. The incidence of influenza is high and the population is generally susceptible. According to different antigenicity, influenza viruses are divided into 3 types: A, B, and C. Influenza A often leads to epidemics, and can cause a pandemic. Influenza A often leads to epidemics and can cause worldwide pandemics; type B often causes localized outbreaks; and type C mainly occurs in the form of distribution. Because influenza viruses mutate antigenically more rapidly, humans are unable to acquire lasting immunity. Influenza clinical symptoms are more serious, the onset of disease is rapid, the incidence of complications is high, especially pneumonia, can cause death, the deceased mostly for the elderly and infirm and young sick or have chronic underlying diseases. So far, there is no specific drug to treat influenza, and the key to control influenza is prevention. Influenza vaccination for the above groups is one of the main measures to control influenza. After vaccination, the population can produce immunity, but there is no protection against new mutated viral strains, for this reason, it is necessary to constantly update the influenza vaccine. Epidemiology: Influenza is epidemiologically characterized by sudden outbreaks, rapid spread, wide coverage, and a certain degree of seasonality, with a natural cessation of the pandemic after 3 to 4 weeks (world pandemics usually have 2 to 3 waves). Its epidemiological characteristics are as follows: 1. Source of infection: mainly influenza patients and hidden infected people. 2. 2. Transmission route: mainly through air droplets and direct contact. 3.Susceptible people: people are generally susceptible to influenza virus. Seasonality: It usually occurs in winter. In the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, the annual activity peaks in January to February; the southern hemisphere temperate regions in the annual activity peaks in May to September; tropical areas are mostly in the rainy season. The annual peak of influenza activity in the north of China generally occurs at the end of November of the year to the end of February of the following year, while the south in addition to the peak of activity in winter, there is a peak of activity (May to August). However, influenza pandemic can occur in any season. 5, periodicity: influenza pandemic occurs, there is no periodicity in time. However, from the available information, the interval between each pandemic is more than 10 years. Clinical manifestations: The incubation period of influenza is generally 1~3 d. The onset of disease is rapid, with many changes in symptoms, mainly systemic toxic symptoms, respiratory symptoms are mild or not obvious. Fever usually lasts for 3~4d, but fatigue and weakness can last for 2~3 weeks. Usually acute onset, there are chills, high fever, headache, dizziness, generalized aches and pains, fatigue and other symptoms of poisoning, which may be accompanied by respiratory symptoms such as sore throat, runny nose, tearing and cough. A few cases have gastrointestinal symptoms such as loss of appetite, abdominal pain, bloating, vomiting and diarrhea. The general prognosis is good and it often resolves spontaneously in a short period of time. Infants, young children, the elderly and those with chronic underlying diseases have a poorer prognosis. Individuals can be complicated by paranasal sinusitis, otitis media, laryngitis, bronchitis and pneumonia. The basic principles of influenza treatment: 1. Isolate patients and strengthen ventilation and air disinfection in public places during the epidemic. 2. 2, early application of anti-influenza virus drug treatment. Anti-influenza virus chemotherapeutic drugs existing ion channel M2 blockers and neuraminidase inhibitors two categories. The former includes amantadine and amantadine ethylamine; the latter includes oseltamivir and zanamivir. 3, strengthen the supportive treatment and prevention of complications: rest, drink a lot of water, pay attention to nutrition. 4, the rational application of symptomatic treatment drugs: early application of anti-influenza virus drugs can improve the symptoms effectively. When the course of the disease is late or there are no conditions to apply antiviral drugs, symptomatic treatment can be applied, such as antipyretic drugs, drugs to relieve nasal mucous membrane congestion, cough expectorant drugs and so on. 5.Chinese medicine treatment: early use of drugs, evidence-based treatment. Different treatments and prescriptions such as clearing heat, detoxifying, resolving dampness, supporting the positive and dispelling evils, etc. and proprietary Chinese medicines can be chosen according to the identification of the disease. Prevention: Isolate patients and strengthen ventilation and air disinfection in public places during the epidemic. 2. Reduce large gatherings and group activities during the epidemic period, and contacts should wear masks. Inactivated influenza vaccination: During the influenza season, vaccination should be given to high-risk groups and medical personnel who are susceptible to influenza. High-risk groups include: (1) age > 65 years; (2) adults with chronic pulmonary or cardiovascular diseases and children > 6 months (including asthma); renal dysfunction; immune suppression (including drug); pregnant women in mid-pregnancy and above. 4. Application of anti-influenza viral drugs: When an influenza outbreak in a particular department is clearly or suspected, all non-influenza patients and unvaccinated medical staff should be given amantadine, amantadine or oseltamivir for prophylaxis for a period of 2 weeks or 1 week after the end of the influenza outbreak.