There are two types of infectious diseases: viral infectious diseases and bacterial infectious diseases.
I. Viral infectious diseases commonly include measles, rubella, chicken pox, mumps, hand, foot and mouth disease, etc.
1, measles incubation period: 9-14 days
Source of infection: the patient is the only source of infection, under 2 years of age and adults with high mortality rate of measles.
Transmission route: mainly respiratory droplet transmission.
Diagnosis: Based on typical clinical manifestations, such as respiratory khat symptoms, photophobia, lacrimation, oral mucosal measles mucosal spots, and top-down rash after a certain prodromal period. Laboratory tests are needed to determine atypical cases.
The typical rash of measles begins first in the hairline, lateral neck region and behind the ear, then spreads first to the face, neck, upper extremities and upper chest within about 24 hours, then downward to the trunk and lower extremities, including the palms and toes, all of which can appear and may fuse into patches.
Isolation period: 5 days after the rash, extended to 10 days after the rash in cases of combined pneumonia.
2. Rubella is a milder acute infectious disease common in childhood.
Incubation period: 2-3 weeks
Transmission route: respiratory droplets, close contact.
Diagnosis: Based on symptoms and signs: the main manifestations are fever, maculopapular rash, swollen lymph glands behind the ears and occiput, rash appears 1-2 days after onset, rapidly spreads from the face, neck, trunk to the extremities, but the palms of the hands and toes mostly have no rash. The rash is light red, slightly elevated, about 2 mm in size, evenly divided, but larger than the scarlet fever rash, with normal skin between the rash and sparse rash on the trunk, with the face and extremities often fused.
Isolation period: 5 days after rash emergence.
3. Incubation period of pox: 10-21 days
Transmission route: respiratory secretions droplet transmission or contact transmission.
Diagnosis:Based on medical history, epidemiological history, typical rash
Chickenpox rash characteristics: centripetal, the rash first appears on the scalp, face or trunk, the distal extremities are more sparse, red macular rash, vesicular rash, crusted rash at the same time.
Watch out for progressive chickenpox, a severe clinical type of chickenpox. This type is associated with visceral organ involvement, coagulation disorders, severe bleeding, and persistent skin damage. Severe abdominal pain and hemorrhagic herpes may be present in all populations.
Isolation period: not less than 14 days.
4.Mumps
Incubation period: 2-3 weeks, average 18 days.
Source of infection: The patient and the latent infection. The patient’s parotid gland is infectious from 7 days before to 9 days after swelling.
It is not serious in itself, and complications are more frequent. There are neurological complications, genital complications, acute pancreatitis, sensorineural deafness, others (complications of nephritis, myocarditis, pericarditis, etc.).
Diagnosis: When there is significant swelling of the parotid gland and a clear history of exposure, the diagnosis can be made clinically with the exception of other causes of parotid enlargement.
Characteristics of parotid enlargement: centered on the earlobe and expanding around it, with indistinct margins, elasticity and tenderness to touch, and no redness of the surface skin.
Isolation period: Isolation until the parotid swelling disappears completely or 10 days after the onset of the disease.
5.Hand, foot and mouth disease
Incubation period: 2-10 days, average 3-5 days, caused by enterovirus.
Source of infection: patients and latently infected persons.
Transmission route: digestive tract, respiratory tract, close contact
Diagnosis: common cases:fever, herpes on oral mucosa, maculopapular rash on hands, feet and buttocks, herpes.
Severe cases:In a few cases, the disease progresses rapidly, with meningitis, encephalitis, encephalomyelitis, pulmonary edema, and circulatory disorders in 1-5 days after the onset of the disease.
Laboratory tests:Blood Rt WBC is normal or decreased, WBC count may be significantly increased in critical cases, blood glucose is increased in critical cases, CRP is generally not increased, lactate level is increased.
Isolation period: not less than 14 days.
Second, bacterial infectious diseases are common bacterial dysentery, cholera, etc.
1, bacteriophage dysentery into acute, chronic, toxic
Source of infection: patients and carriers.
Transmission route: oral infection
Incubation period: 1-3 days
Diagnosis: according to the signs and symptoms and auxiliary examination diarrhea, purulent stools, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, the feeling of urgency, fecal culture.
The course of the disease is 2 weeks, and chronic dysentery is 2 months.
Special attention should be paid to toxic dysentery, manifested as high fever, depression, drowsiness, repeated convulsions, coma, and even serious symptoms such as circulatory and respiratory failure, while gastrointestinal symptoms are not obvious.
Treatment: Targeted treatment for each type and anti-infective treatment.
Isolation period: continue to take the drug for 3 days after the symptoms disappear, and be released from isolation with 2 consecutive negative fecal cultures from the 5th day after stopping the drug.
2.Cholera
Incubation period: minimum 3h, maximum 1 week, average 5 days.
Source of infection: patients and carriers.
Transmission route: fecal-oral route.
Diagnosis: cholera can be diagnosed if one of the following 3 items is met.
(1) clinical manifestations such as diarrhea and vomiting, and laboratory diagnosis of Vibrio cholerae.
(2) typical clinical manifestations, with a history of exposure during the incubation period, and with the exception of diarrhea caused by other pathogens.
(3) those who are in the epidemic area during the epidemic, have a history of close contact and develop diarrhea within 5 days.
The diagnostic criteria for suspected cholera, one of the following two can be diagnosed as suspected cholera.
(1) The first case with typical clinical signs not yet confirmed by the pathogen
(2) diarrhea during the epidemic and cannot be explained by other infections.
All suspected cholera cases should first be treated as cholera as an epidemic, while tracking and observing for further diagnosis and treatment.
Treatment.
(1) rehydration.
(2) Antibiotics: tetracycline, doxycycline, etc.
Isolation period: 2 days after the cessation of diarrhea, send stool culture once every other day, 3 consecutive negative can be released from isolation