Antimicrobial drugs are the most widely used and diverse class of drugs in clinical practice. The rational use of antimicrobial drugs is directly related to the return of the patient’s condition. Since the body of children is in the developmental stage, the physiological functions of the body are not yet perfect, and the ability to tolerate drugs is not yet sound. Currently, the abuse of antimicrobial drugs is very serious, resulting in an increasing number of drug-resistant bacteria, a high frequency of various adverse reactions, and repeated occurrence of various physical damages caused by antimicrobial drugs. This article briefly introduces the clinical rational application of pediatric antimicrobial drugs. Lack of accurate diagnosis of diseases, regardless of infectious or non-infectious diseases, regardless of diseases caused by bacteria or other microorganisms such as viruses, as long as there are diseases, antibacterial drugs are used. 2, lack of understanding of the pathogenic characteristics of pathogenic bacteria, pathogenic pattern, prevalent sites, clinical manifestations and the sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics, the development of drug resistance, the arbitrary use of antibacterial drugs, the extensive use of broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs. 3, lack of accurate judgment of the disease, can not choose the appropriate route of administration, reasonable dose of drugs according to the patient’s condition, the development of scientific individual treatment plan, a large number of applications of intravenous injection, and the dose is too large, the course of treatment is too long. 4.Lack of understanding of the antibacterial spectrum, antibacterial mechanism, antibacterial characteristics, and interactions between antibacterial drugs, and randomly combined use, more than two kinds of combined use. 5, lack of sufficient understanding of the side effects of antibacterial drugs, adverse reactions, especially for special groups, such as children, the elderly, pregnant women, etc. in the process of drug use should be precautions, the use of some drugs prohibited in childhood, caution or have been eliminated. 6, lack of sufficient understanding of the principles of antimicrobial drug compounding, several drugs placed in the same solvent, increasing the incidence of adverse drug reactions. Second, the abuse of antibacterial drugs lead to adverse consequences 1, the abuse of antibacterial drugs lead to a large number of drug-resistant strains of bacteria, resulting in many bacteria to antibacterial drug susceptibility decline, leading to incurable infectious diseases, increasing the cost of treatment. 2, the abuse of antibacterial drugs on pediatric impact is mainly reflected in the following aspects. (1) High doses of antibacterial drugs seriously damage the pediatric nervous system. Since the development of blood-brain barrier in pediatric patients is not complete, many antibacterial drugs that cannot easily cross the blood-brain barrier can enter the brain tissue through pediatric blood-brain barrier, which increases the damage of antibacterial drugs to pediatric central nervous system and affects the development of pediatric nervous system. (2) The abuse of antibacterial drugs causes serious damage to the liver and kidney function of pediatric patients. The vast majority of antibacterial drugs are broken down by the liver and metabolized by the kidneys. Because of the incomplete development of the liver and kidney function in children, their metabolic capacity is significantly weaker than that of adults. (3) The abuse of antibacterial drugs seriously affects the function of the pediatric hematological system. A large number of antibacterial drugs, a variety of combined, long-term use of pediatric white blood cell count lower, the generation of slow decline, resulting in reduced immunity, inducing recurrent infections, forming a vicious cycle, and in serious cases, irreversible aplastic anemia may occur, such as chloramphenicol. (4) Abuse of antibacterial drugs can cause damage to the pediatric digestive system. A large number of, long-term use of broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs can lead to dysbiosis of pediatric intestinal flora, killing intestinal probiotics, causing diarrhea, indigestion and other diseases, some drugs such as lincomycin, can lead to pseudomembranous enteritis. The antibacterial drugs that should not be used in children 1, aminoglycoside antibiotics have varying degrees of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, especially ototoxicity, which can cause permanent deafness. 2, tetracycline antibiotics can be combined with calcium in new growth teeth to form a yellow bonding deposits, commonly known as “tetracycline teeth”. These drugs can also be combined with calcium in the bone to inhibit the growth of the baby’s bones. Therefore, it is prohibited for children under 8 years old. 3, chloramphenicol premature infants and newborns should be prohibited, children should be used with caution. Because this drug is likely to cause premature infants and newborns circulatory failure called “gray baby syndrome”. This drug can also inhibit bone marrow hematopoiesis, resulting in irreversible aplastic anemia in children. 4, sulfonamides should be used with caution in premature infants and newborns. This class of drugs can cause jaundice and granulocytopenia in premature infants and newborns. 5, quinolones are prohibited for children under 12 years of age, and should be used with caution before the age of 18. These drugs may make children’s epiphyseal chondrocytes ossify in advance, which not only affects children’s growth, but also easily causes damage to weight-bearing bone and joint tissue. 6, the first generation of cephalosporin children should not be used in large doses. Because such drugs are more nephrotoxic, can cause pediatric hematuria, kidney tissue necrosis. In short, the choice of antimicrobial drugs should be a comprehensive consideration of the child’s infection, physiological state, pathological state, the reasonable choice of drug species, the use of dose, the time of administration and route of administration. To effectively control the infection, reduce the adverse drug reactions, prevent the dysbiosis of human flora, and reduce the generation of drug resistance.