5.What are the commonly used specialized vestibular function tests? Commonly used vestibular function examinations include: (1) Nystagmography including visual oculomotor system function examination (gaze oculomotor response, sweep test, smooth tracking test, visual oculomotor nystagmus, etc.) The patient fixes the visual field in the video eyepiece and follows the light to move, the computer records whether nystagmus is produced, as well as the direction and amplitude of nystagmus, which can initially determine the vestibular function status and discern whether there is a central lesion. (2) Vestibulospinal pathway testing Static and dynamic postural tracing method: It is a new method of quantitative analysis and preliminary localization of vestibular system, visual system and proprioceptive system diseases causing vertigo and balance dysfunction in recent years, in which the patient stands upright and does not move, and the computer automatically records the degree of deviation of the center of gravity. (3) Vestibular ocular reflex pathway detection (hemianopsia function) Hot and cold test: The patient wears a video eye mask, takes a supine position with head elevated 30 degrees so that the horizontal hemianopsia is in a vertical position (so that the center of the external auditory canal orifice is perpendicular to the center of the eye and the line of the external canthus), and the doctor injects hot and cold air or water into the external auditory canal on both sides to stimulate the horizontal hemianopsia and produce nystagmus. The lateralization of the affected ear can be determined by computer analysis of the nystagmus parameters. Rotation test: including velocity step test and sinusoidal harmonic acceleration test, the human body rotates in the plane of the semicircular canal with a certain angular acceleration and produces nystagmus. The doctor evaluates the function of the semicircular canal by analyzing the maximum slow-phase velocity, gain, phase, and dominant bias of the nystagmus. Head-shaking nystagmus: The patient tilts his head forward 30 degrees and shakes his head from side to side with the assistance of the physician for about 20 seconds. Nystagmography can record head-shaking nystagmus, and the physician diagnoses the lesion site according to the fractionation of nystagmus. Vestibular autorotation test: A method to test the function of the vestibular eye reflex based on the principle of high-frequency rotational velocity stimulation. During the test, the subject takes a straight sitting position, makes the subject look at the cursor in front, and swings the head for 18 seconds according to the acoustic signal from the metronome or computer, the frequency of the metronome or computer acoustic signal gradually increases in the range of 2 to 6 Hz, which is the frequency range of daily natural head movement of human body. Eye movement gain, phase and asymmetry parameters at various frequencies are taken for evaluation. Head pulse test: A simple and rapid physiological examination in which the physician manipulates the patient’s head for pulse oscillation and observes video nystagmus, through which the video eye-mask gives an objective result of one side of the hallux valgus pulse examination. Vibration-induced nystagmus: In the dark room, the subject sits on a reclining chair and the examiner uses a vibrator for vibration stimulation. The site of vibration is the bilateral mastoid and mid-forehead, and the physician records horizontal and vertical nystagmus and makes an analysis. (4) Otolithic function testing Balloon testing: vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) is a myogenic potential recorded on the tense sternocleidomastoid muscle when one side of the balloon is stimulated with high intensity sound waves. It is an objective, non-invasive electrophysiological examination method that is important for the diagnosis of the vestibular system and related diseases. Elliptical saccade test: subjective vertical vision The subject fixes the head and keeps the upper body upright, adjusts the straight line to the vertical position by clicking the mouse on the examiner, and the physician examines the subjective vertical visual deviation in both eyes, the left eye and the right eye respectively and makes a functional evaluation. Position change test (for the diagnosis of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo): including roll test and Dix-Hallpike test, the former is similar to turning around in bed, the latter needs to be changed from sitting position to lying position quickly with the help of doctor, specifically, head is turned 45° to the left (or right), lie down quickly and make the head lower than the bed surface by 30°, observe the presence or absence of nystagmus and changes, each Observe the presence or absence of nystagmus for about 20 seconds in each position, or until the nystagmus disappears, and make a judgment.