1. Indications and timing of surgery (1) Cases that are not suitable for interventional occlusion can be treated surgically. The reason for choosing surgery at the age of 2-4 years is that the patient’s tolerance for surgery increases with age. (2) In infants with atrial septal defect complicated by recurrent heart failure with poor drug therapy or in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia requiring oxygen and other medical therapy and not suitable for interventional occlusion, surgical procedures should be performed in infancy. (3) Surgery is not indicated for patients with high pulmonary vascular resistance (e.g., >10 woods/m2 or >7 woods/m2 when vasodilators are used). The procedure is usually performed under extracorporeal circulation with a simple suture repair through a median sternotomy or with a pericardial patch or PTFE resin patch. In recent years, minimally invasive cardiac surgery has been used to repair atrial septal defects, but it does not reduce the pain, the number of days in the hospital, or the stress of the procedure. Parents of patients with questions about interventional treatment of atrial septal defects can contact me by leaving an online message or choosing to consult by phone.