You may find it hard to imagine that fractures can occur in very normal situations. For example, a bus driving on a mountainous highway, driving over a section of uneven road, the body bumped, and the old woman sitting in the car suddenly felt pain in her lower back. After the X-ray film, it was found that the first lumbar vertebra was collapsed and flattened, which is also a fracture, medically known as compression fracture. The old man got up in the morning and accidentally twisted his lower limb when crossing the threshold, that is, he felt pain in this side of the hip joint and could not stand and walk, and the X-ray found a fracture of the femoral neck. It is surprising that a seemingly insignificant external force, which seems to have no trauma, caused the fracture. The main cause of fracture is the quality of the bone. There are many reasons for changes in bone quality, the most common being age-related osteoporosis. There are also patients with fractures who have no bone disease, no history of bruises, falls, bruises or bruises, but feel pain in the lower leg or foot after standing or walking for a long time for several days. The fracture is usually caused by fatigue fracture. This condition is mostly a fatigue fracture. You may have had the experience of having to break a piece of wire, but you happen to have no tools at hand. So, you repeatedly wrench the wire back and forth in the same place, several times, a dozen times, dozens of times later, the hard and resilient wire is broken. The principle of bone fatigue fracture is similar to this. Walking training or marching on foot, repeat the same action for a long time, the normal bones of both lower limbs are constantly and repeatedly subjected to muscle pulling force and ground reaction force, a day down, or a few days past, the force concentrated bone parts, such as the metatarsal bone of the foot, heel bone, calf tibia, fibula, and thigh femoral neck, upper femoral condyles, etc., may occur fine fracture. Since this happens mostly in the army recruits, some people call these fractures “marching fractures”. In fact, such fractures may also occur in dancers and athletes during over-training and in new workers during induction training. These fractures can also occur in the lower ribs of patients with chronic coughs, and in the first ribs, clavicle, or heel bone of manual laborers who have been bearing weight for a long time. Acute or chronic osteomyelitis, or bone tuberculosis, in which bacteria destroy the bone and reduce its firmness and stiffness, can also cause pathological fractures when walking or standing normally. In addition to removing the lesion and controlling the infection, the treatment should also pay attention to restoring the bone strength to accommodate weight bearing and sports. Skeletal tumor is not very high in incidence, but the types are complex. It can be divided into two categories, benign and malignant, just like other organ tissue tumors. Benign hyperplasia, such as osteochondroma, only grows at the end of the bone with the same structure as normal bone, which does not affect the bone strength and usually does not cause pathological fracture. Other benign tumors, such as bone cysts, can destroy bone and form cavities with clear edges, which can easily cause fractures. These tumors often have only soreness and discomfort in the early stage, which is not easy to attract patients’ attention and will be exposed only after pathological fracture occurs. Malignant tumors, which originate from bone, include osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma, etc. There are also metastases from other parts of malignant tumors. Spinal vertebrae are the preferred site of bone metastases, and according to statistics, more than 70% of cancer cases die from spinal metastases. Most of the metastatic tumors in bone originate from breast, prostate, kidney and thyroid cancers, but also from lymphoma or spinal cord tumors. In many cases, the primary organ of the tumor is normal and the first symptom is bone pain or pathological fracture at the metastasis site. In such cases, in addition to examining and treating the metastatic tumor, it is also necessary to find the primary lesion. The treatment measures for pathological fractures are different from those for traumatic fractures. The treatment should be directed to the primary disease suffered. Benign tumors usually require scraping and bone grafting, while malignant tumors must be treated by a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. If necessary, amputation is required; or a section of the tumor can be amputated and the upper and lower limbs can be connected to preserve the function. In addition, some genetic or metabolic diseases can also cause osteoporosis and fracture. For example, in patients with brittle bone disease, the collagen fibers are poorly developed throughout the body, the bones are not strong enough, the sclera of the eyes are thin and translucent, and the hearing bone in the middle ear is sclerotic and cannot conduct sound waves, resulting in deafness. Late onset brittle bone disease has milder symptoms, with no obvious abnormalities after birth and symptoms appearing after preschool age, with fractures occurring frequently. Patients can have dozens of fractures during their lifetime. The fetal form of brittle bone disease is the most common and most severe. Multiple fractures occur in the mother’s uterus before birth, called intrauterine fractures, making it difficult for the fetus to survive and become stillborn. Some children are born as “glass babies,” but fractures occur at the slightest touch. Repeated fractures can affect bone growth, resulting in short stature and various deformities, and even premature death.