Regarding chlamydial infection, let me first show you an outpatient case: a 30-year-old female, unmarried, with a regular partner, no promiscuous sexual behavior, and no previous history of sexually transmitted diseases, came to the clinic for high-risk HPV infection. On examination, the leukorrhea was found to be abnormal and purulent, and the patient complained of usual lumbosacral pain. I advised her to have a routine vaginal discharge test, which showed positive for chlamydia. Chlamydia is a large family and it has 15 serotypes that can cause different diseases. Serotype D to serotype K are the main pathogens that cause chlamydial urethritis. Serotypes A, B, and C can cause trachoma, and serotypes L1, L2, and L3 can cause venereal lymphogranuloma, the latter being less common in China. As a result of chlamydia infection in the female genitourinary tract, most people can have no symptoms or very mild symptoms, for example, like this patient above, only more leucorrhea, yellow color, many people will think it is a general gynecological disease, and do not go to the examination and treatment. If left untreated, chlamydia proliferates in the epithelial cells of the urinary tract or cervical canal, causing symptoms of urethritis or cervicitis. Further development can travel up the cervical canal to the uterus, fallopian tubes and nearby tissues, resulting in tubitis or adnexitis, or pelvic inflammatory disease. Chlamydia infection can also cause ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, and stillbirth. In men, the infection can cause chlamydial urethritis and other comorbidities such as epididymitis and prostatitis, and in severe cases, male infertility. How can I tell if I have chlamydia? 1, epidemiological history: if there are multiple sexual partners, unsafe sex, sexual partner infections, newborn infected mothers have a history of Chlamydia trachomatis infection; 2, clinical manifestations: male urethritis symptoms, such as painful urination, urethral discomfort, itching in the urethra, abnormal discharge from the urethra; some people even appear epididymitis symptoms, such as pain in the epididymis area, swelling and tenderness of the epididymis. In women, symptoms of cervicitis, such as abnormal vaginal discharge, non-menstrual or post-coital bleeding; symptoms of urethritis, such as difficulty in urination, frequent urination, and urgent urination; symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease, such as lower abdominal cramps, abnormal vaginal bleeding, abnormal vaginal discharge, and lower abdominal pressure pain; 3. Laboratory tests: positive chlamydia test; 4. Exclude other possible causes, such as gonorrhea infection. The vast majority of chlamydial urethritis seen in hospitals are men because the symptoms are far more pronounced in male patients than in female patients. The patient’s wife or sexual partner may suffer from chlamydial urethritis, because the symptoms are not prominent, and failed to pay attention to not take treatment, the result is that the male partner is cured after treatment, but a sexual activity soon relapsed, some people repeatedly treated repeatedly offended, so when one of the spouses has chlamydial urethritis, the other should go to the hospital for examination, if necessary, should be treated at the same time.