A. What is mycoplasma and chlamydia? Mycoplasma is a different category of tiny pathogens with bacteria and fungi, there are more than 80 species of mycoplasma genus, mycoplasma related to humans are Mycoplasma pneumoniae, human mycoplasma, Mycoplasma solium and Mycoplasma genitalium, the former causes pneumonia, the latter three cause genitourinary tract infection. Mycoplasma infection is a sexually transmitted disease. Mycoplasma can be present in healthy carriers, while the detection rate is higher in sexually promiscuous individuals, homosexuals, prostitutes, and gonorrhea patients. The higher the number of sexual partners and the greater the index of sexual activity, the higher the rate of infection. Chlamydia is a microorganism that differs from both bacteria and viruses and is a prokaryotic organism, i.e., a cell without a nucleus that forms a nuclear membrane. Mycoplasma or chlamydia infection belongs to non-gonococcal urethritis, a disease corresponding to gonorrhea, and is listed as one of the eight major STDs by the Ministry of Health in China. When Mycoplasma and Chlamydia infect the human body, they first invade the columnar epithelial cells and grow and multiply inside the cells, and then enter the cells of the mononuclear macrophage system to proliferate. As mycoplasma and chlamydia multiply within the cells, they cause the death of the infected cells, while still evading the host’s immune defenses and receiving intermittent protection. The pathogenic mechanism of mycoplasma and chlamydia is the inhibition of infected cell metabolism, lysis and destruction of cells and leads to the release of lysozyme, cytotoxic effect of metabolites, causing metamorphosis and autoimmunity. Second, what are the symptoms of mycoplasma and chlamydia infection? Most patients infected with mycoplasma or chlamydia do not have any clinical symptoms and discomfort, many patients are caused by prostatitis, epididymitis, male sperm abnormalities leading to infertility, female patients with abnormal leucorrhea, vaginitis, cervicitis and other infertility to the hospital examination only to find mycoplasma and chlamydia infection. So clinically it is easy to be ignored and missed, or even misdiagnosed. When the patient’s resistance decreases, or mycoplasma and chlamydia multiply in the body, the following symptoms may occur: 1, genitourinary tract infection: incubation period of 1-3 weeks, typical acute symptoms are similar to other non-gonorrheal genitourinary infections, manifested as urethral tingling, varying degrees of urinary urgency and frequency, stinging pain in urination, especially when the urine is more concentrated. The urethral orifice is mildly red and swollen, and the discharge is thin, small, plagioid or purulent, and it takes a lot of forceful squeezing of the urethra to see the discharge overflowing. 2, the subacute stage is often combined with prostate infection: patients often have perineal swelling and pain, lumbago, double femoral discomfort or tingling sensation from the perineum to the inner femur when doing anal lifting. 3. Inflammation of the genital system centered on the cervix is seen in female patients: most of them have no obvious conscious symptoms, but a few severe patients have vaginal cramps. When the infection is confined to the cervix, the symptoms are increased leucorrhea, cloudiness, edema, congestion or surface erosion of the cervix. If the infection spreads to the urethra, the urethral orifice is flushed and congested, and a small amount of discharge can be spilled by squeezing the urethra, but there is rarely any pressure pain. Third, the impact of infection with mycoplasma, chlamydia and harm male impact Mycoplasma infection through the urethra patients can appear urethritis symptoms, and can be secondary to chronic prostatitis, testicular and epididymitis, can also cause vas deferens obstruction leading to azoospermia. Mycoplasma also continues to infect the seminal tract, seminal vesicles and testes, affecting the quality of sperm and semen and causing infertility. It has been observed that mycoplasma can cause infertility through the following links. 1, interference with sperm movement: sperm movement is an important function of healthy sperm, is an important indicator of whether sperm can conceive, and sperm movement must have a certain speed and frequency. Mycoplasma or Chlamydia infected sperm, often attached to the head and tail of the sperm, so that the entire sperm hanging all over the size of the attachment, resulting in sperm swimming weak, entangled with each other, resulting in infertility. 2, sperm deformation rate increases: mycoplasma or chlamydia infection leads to an increase in sperm deformation rate is another feature that causes infertility. According to clinical observations, in such infertility patients, the sperm deformity rate can sometimes be as high as 80%. 3, destruction of spermatogenic cells: the testis has a large number of spermatogenic cells in the varicocele, these spermatogenic cells develop and reproduce to form sperm. When mycoplasma or chlamydia enters the testicular varicose ducts from the urethra, prostate and other parts, it will destroy the sperm cells and make the “sperm factory” produce shoddy products, leading to infertility. In women, Mycoplasma urealyticum or Chlamydia can invade the urethra, cervix and vestibular gland, causing urethritis, cervicitis and vestibular glanditis. Pathological changes in female reproductive organs caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae or Chlamydia infection are important causes of infertility. Domestic and foreign data suggest that the culture positivity rate of Mycoplasma urealyticum or Chlamydia in cervical mucus and semen of infertile couples is as high as 50% or more. Another cause of poor performance due to Mycoplasma urealyticum or Chlamydia infection is miscarriage, and some people have examined tissues from miscarriages positive for Mycoplasma urealyticum up to 40% or more. Therefore, the possibility of Mycoplasma urealyticum or Chlamydia infection should be considered in cases of unexplained miscarriage, especially in those with multiple miscarriages. Inflammatory adhesions in incompletely obstructed fallopian tubes caused by Mycoplasma urealyticum or Chlamydia infection can narrow the lumen and make it inaccessible, and are also an important cause of ectopic pregnancy. After pregnancy, women are more susceptible to infection by Mycoplasma solium or Chlamydia due to the increase of progesterone, which suppresses cellular immunity and decreases the body’s resistance, and perinatal infection caused by Mycoplasma solium or Chlamydia is a new problem in modern obstetrics. Mycoplasma urealyticum or Chlamydia can be transmitted vertically through the placenta or spread upstream from the lower genital tract of the pregnant woman, causing intrauterine infection. Fetal effects Mycoplasma or Chlamydia infection itself can cause infertility, miscarriage, premature birth, low birth weight babies and fetal malformations. But first of all, it depends on how many months of pregnancy you are infected, if it is early in pregnancy, it may have an effect on the fetus, but in the middle and late stages of pregnancy when the fetal organs are well developed, the effect is not significant. Chlamydia can be transmitted vertically through the placenta or spread upstream from the lower genital tract of the pregnant woman, causing intrauterine infection, both of which can lead to miscarriage, premature birth, intrauterine growth retardation, low birth weight, premature rupture of the fetal membranes, and even cause fetal death in the womb and a series of other adverse consequences. During delivery, the fetus is also susceptible to infection when it is delivered through the birth canal. The common ones are neonatal ophthalmia, followed by neonatal respiratory infections, otitis media and laryngitis. For mycoplasma chlamydia is a serious impact on the fetus and self-birth, which can cause disease in the family and the newborn. Fourth, mycoplasma, chlamydia infection after daily precautions 1, before the cure to avoid sexual activity; 2, no alcohol, no spicy food, drink more water; 3, the family to do the necessary isolation, bath towels, washbasin, bathtub, commode, etc., separate use, or disinfection after use; 4, spouses or sexual partners should go to the hospital for examination and treatment; 5, in the future to pay attention to safe sex, high-risk should be correctly used condoms; 6. Use pH4 weak acidic feminine care solution for daily cleaning of the pubic area.