As the weather changes rapidly in winter, children are very vulnerable to colds due to their low resistance. Generally speaking, a simple cold does not matter, the terrible thing is the emergence of complications, which is the root cause of aggravation and even fatal. It is often said that “colds are the source of all diseases”. Colds may cause otitis media, myocarditis, laryngitis, nephritis, heart disease and other complications, and these diseases may cause some sequelae. For example: nephritis may cause chronic renal failure in the future if not treated in time. Therefore, parents must pay attention to the observation after the child’s cold, and seek medical treatment immediately when they find the child has abnormal symptoms. Now the common complications of pediatric colds are listed as follows: 1, sinusitis Sinuses are bony air-containing cavities in the craniofacial bones around the nose, and their openings are connected to the nasal cavity. The most common cause of sinusitis is a cold combined with bacterial infection. Sinusitis in children can be characterized by severe nasal congestion and profuse purulent nasal discharge, headache, loss of smell, memory loss, etc. It can also extend to adjacent tissues and cause a series of lesions. Sinusitis involving the orbit can cause intraorbital infection or suppuration. If the nerve is involved, it often leads to eye movement disorder or vision loss. If sinusitis invades the skull, it can cause encephalitis, brain abscess, etc., and the severe symptoms are often life-threatening. Prevention of sinusitis should pay attention to the following points: (1) enhance physical fitness, pay attention to temperature changes, prevent colds and flu; (2) do not think that colds, runny nose is a small matter, many people often due to the lack of timely treatment into sinusitis; (3) pay attention to the method of blowing snot. If you have a stuffy nose or runny nose, you should press and plug one side of the nostril and blow outward with a little force. After blowing alternately; (4) usually pay attention to nasal hygiene, once caused by sinusitis, should be treated in time to prevent delays into chronic. 2, acute laryngitis Laryngitis is the most likely complication of pediatric colds, mostly seen in children under 5 years old. The main reason is that the laryngeal cavity of children is narrower, the laryngeal cartilage is particularly weak, the laryngeal cavity near the tissue is loose, lymphatic tissue is abundant. After a cold due to decreased resistance, viruses or bacteria from the upper respiratory tract downward spread caused by inflammatory swelling of the throat. Children often have a hoarse cough, less smooth whistling, and a whistling sound in the throat, accompanied by mental lethargy, irritability and crying. In severe cases, the laryngeal cavity can be blocked, suffocation and death, commonly known as “lockjaw wind”. Acute laryngitis is mostly secondary to upper respiratory tract infections, reducing the chance of catching a cold may be able to avoid laryngitis. Once a child has laryngitis, the only option is to send to the hospital for treatment in a timely manner, absolutely not due to fever is not high and delayed, and not because of the middle of the night traffic inconvenience or wind and rain and wait until the next day to talk about it, because the infusion or do a tracheotomy and other emergency means of treatment can only be competent specialist doctors. In addition, you can not just take cough suppressants, some cough suppressants can cause difficulty in expectoration, thus aggravating the obstruction of the airways. Pediatric laryngitis, due to the acute condition, in the active treatment at the same time, must do a good job of nursing. (1) make the child pay attention to rest, minimize the activities to reduce the consumption of oxygen. (2) Keep the indoor air fresh, the temperature should be 18 ~ 20 degrees, humidity should be maintained at about 60% ~ 70%. (3) Into the fluid or semi-fluid easily digestible food, give the child more water, if necessary, infusion. 3, otitis media between the nasopharynx and the ear there is a 3 to 4 cm long culvert – the Eustachian tube is connected, due to the child’s Eustachian tube was horizontal, thick and short, coupled with the child’s resistance is poor, colds, nasal, oral secretions, bacteria and viruses can easily enter the ear cavity along the Eustachian tube to trigger inflammation. Otitis media is a common disease in children between 2 and 8 years old, and it is most likely to occur after a long cold, in which the child develops symptoms of running water and pus in the ear, ear closure, tinnitus, ear pain and hearing loss without any obvious cause. Preventing colds is a positive measure to prevent otitis media. If you already have a cold, you should not pinch your nostrils together to blow your nose, as this increases the pressure in the nose and throat, allowing snot and bacteria to enter the middle ear through the Eustachian tube. Snot can be sucked backward and spit out through the mouth, or a handkerchief can be placed over the front nostril to gently blow out the nose; or the front nostril of one side can be pinched gently to gently blow out the opposite side of the open nasal cavity. In addition, pediatric otitis media can be prevented by nose drops after a cold. By using nose drops, the nasal passages of children will be opened up, so that bacteria or viruses can’t easily stay for a long time, and the chances of causing middle ear infections through the Eustachian tube will be greatly reduced. Children suffering from acute suppurative otitis media should be given timely and appropriate treatment to prevent it from becoming chronic and to prevent intracranial complications. 4, bronchopneumonia Due to the low resistance of children, trachea, bronchial cilia on the underdevelopment, trachea, bronchial tubes are relatively small, and children can not effectively cough and other reasons, so children after a cold is easy to lead to sputum collection, not easy to discharge caused by bronchopneumonia. When a child with a cold has a fever, cough, shortness of breath, difficulty in breathing, and may also have a fluttering nose, lips purple and other manifestations, be alert to bronchopneumonia. However, some weak children can not fever or low fever, some children only show for the onset of acute, depressed or restless, foaming at the mouth, nodding and whistling, refusing to breastfeed, vomiting and diarrhea, these symptoms are very easy to be ignored by parents. Bronchopneumonia poses a serious threat to children’s health and life, so it should be actively prevented. First of all, children should be timely and correct treatment after a cold; usually pay attention to children to strengthen nutrition, enhance physical fitness, eat a high protein, high vitamin diet; then, try not to take children to public places, crowded places in winter, the room should be ventilated often, keep the air fresh; finally, easy to recurrently infected with bronchopneumonia in children, in the winter before the arrival of the vaccine should be injected to prevent pneumonia. 5, myocarditis Myocarditis is a major risk of children’s colds. Most colds originate from viral infections, and these viruses have a special affinity for the myocardium, causing inflammation of the respiratory tract at the same time to the myocardium can be difficult, causing viral myocarditis. Children with viral myocarditis often have cold symptoms first, such as fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, general malaise, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and in some cases arthralgia and muscle pain. Slowly these symptoms gradually improve or disappear, and the signs of cardiac anomalies begin to “shine”: the heartbeat accelerates or slows down significantly, or appears to stop, irregular. The child may be depressed, pale, weak, sweaty, with loss of appetite or recurrent nausea and vomiting, and epigastric pain; or complain of headache, dizziness, palpitations, chest tightness, and discomfort or pain in the precordial area. In severe cases, cardiac insufficiency such as swelling of the face, inability to lie down and shortness of breath may also be seen. In some cases, the heartbeat suddenly slows down to only 20-30 beats per minute, which can lead to acute cerebral ischemia, causing tic attacks or sudden death. The key to viral myocarditis is prevention, after a cold, we must pay attention to rest, reduce activities, not to mention strenuous exercise, once the above “cold” can not explain the changes, should go to the hospital in time for examination. There is no specific treatment for myocarditis, but the earlier it is detected and controlled, the less myocardial damage will occur and the prognosis will be good. Otherwise, due to delayed treatment or evolve into chronic, the prognosis is often poor. 6, cervical subluxation of the human body and the skull connected to the first cervical vertebra called atlas, the second cervical vertebra called the central spine. These two cervical vertebrae and the other five cervical vertebrae are not quite the same structure, the shape of the ring. Together with the surrounding ligaments, they form a joint called the atlantoaxial joint. This joint has a high degree of mobility and is responsible for 90% of head rotation. Joints with high mobility tend to be less stable, plus this less stable joint is close to the pharynx, so after getting a cold, inflammation in the pharynx, especially the posterior wall of the pharynx, may spread to the atlantoaxial joint, causing congestion of the vertebral bones, ligaments and joint capsule laxity, leading to further stability slippage. If the child’s head and neck force movement, such as sudden extension and flexion or twisting, may lead to cervical dislocation. Therefore, if your child has a cold, don’t forget to protect your child’s neck, such as sleeping without a high pillow. Once found that the child’s neck activity is restricted, or lifting the head is weak, or complain of neck pain, should immediately seek medical attention, absolutely not their own doctor, blind massage or trigger, so as not to injure the conduit inside the crest of the medulla and lead to paralysis and other bad consequences occur. 7, acute nephritis in healthy children’s upper airways, there are some bacteria. Under normal circumstances, these bacteria do not cause disease, but in the case of a cold, if not handled properly, the body’s resistance to decline, bacteria can invade the body and cause disease. If the cold is complicated by β-hemolytic streptococcal infection, it is easy to cause nephritis. This is a kind of allergic reaction disease, mostly occurring in winter and spring, after the infection of the upper airways. It has a certain incubation period, usually 7 to 10 days, and the symptoms of nephritis usually appear only after the symptoms of the upper respiratory tract infection are reduced or subsided. The main clinical manifestations are: cloudy reddish-brown urine, edema (mostly out of the face, especially outside the eyelids, and in severe cases, the lower limbs water clock), but also: headache, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite and other systemic symptoms. To prevent the onset of nephritis, do the following: (1) Increase physical fitness, improve the body’s ability to prevent disease. (2) Pay attention to cleanliness and hygiene. Frequent bathing, changing clothes and pants, avoiding or reducing upper respiratory tract and skin infections can greatly reduce the incidence of acute glomerulonephritis. (3) When colds are prevalent, antibacterial drugs can be used for short-term prophylaxis under the guidance of doctors to reduce the incidence of illness.