1, arthritis: wind-like guan, ankylosing spondylitis, degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis, hypertrophic arthritis); 2, ischemic necrosis of the femoral head; 3, septic arthritis or osteomyelitis (stable stage), tuberculosis (stable stage); 4, congenital hip subluxation or dislocation (adults); 5, hip fusion and prosthetic joint; 6, failed reconstructive surgery; 7, bone tumors involving the proximal femur or acetabulum; 8, fresh or old femoral neck fractures (age > 60, large displacement); 9, genetic disorders (e.g., chondrodysplasia); 10, non-union of femoral neck and intertrochanteric fractures involving the femoral head.