How does smoking affect rotator cuff, ligament and Achilles tendon repair surgery?

  Smoking has been around for hundreds of years. It is well known that smoking is bad for your health! So, does smoking have an effect on patients with rotator cuff repair, anterior (posterior) cruciate ligament reconstruction, and Achilles tendon repair?  Basic research has found that nicotine causes delayed healing at the bone-tendon interface by affecting type I collagen fiber expression, and Baumgarten et al. found a dose- and time-dependent relationship between smoking and rotator cuff tears. In 2014, a meta-analysis showed that smoking decreased rotator cuff healing and affected the clinical outcome of rotator cuff repair. Both basic and clinical studies have shown that nicotine is harmful to tendon healing. However, it remains unclear whether smoking has an effect on glenoid labrum and cartilage repair.Kim et al. conducted a follow-up study of smoking patients with ACL reconstruction and found that joint stability and functional scores were lower in smoking patients than in nonsmoking patients.  Therefore, it is advisable for patients who smoke to reduce or even stop smoking during the postoperative recovery period. Maybe it would be a good choice for yourself and for society to quit smoking since then!