What are the rules for having a baby from a borrowed egg?

The situation is that people are marrying later and later, and there are many unmarried people of advanced age. They want to save their eggs for the future while their ovaries are still available. Can this be done for the average woman? Also, can older women who are no longer able to produce eggs but want to have children borrow eggs to do so? Egg freezing in China is a dead end. Medical institutions are prohibited from performing assisted human reproductive technology on single women who do not comply with the birth control policy. In China, healthy unmarried women are not allowed to freeze their eggs, and even if a hospital will freeze eggs for an unmarried woman, she must be married at the time of childbirth in order to use the frozen eggs for pregnancy. The conditions for egg freezing in a married state are also very strict, and couples with normal fertility are not allowed to freeze their eggs, and infertile couples have to submit a birth certificate to freeze their eggs, as well as when in vitro fertilization is not possible in time. Infertile couples who are unable to produce eggs often cannot wait for a legal egg donation and have to resort to the egg black market. Egg freezing for healthy unmarried women is not allowed by law because medical institutions are prohibited from performing assisted human reproduction on single women who do not comply with the birth control policy. After the news emerged that “egg freezing is illegal for single women in the mainland”, some netizens said they did not find any laws or regulations that clearly state this. The netizen claimed to have “checked the Measures for the Administration of Assisted Human Reproductive Technology mentioned therein and found no rule that directly or indirectly states that unmarried single women cannot adopt assisted human reproductive technology.” However, he apparently overlooked Article 13, which states that medical institutions “prohibit the implementation of assisted human reproduction techniques for couples and single women who do not comply with the provisions of national population and family planning laws and regulations.” Therefore, it is virtually impossible for unmarried, healthy single women to freeze and preserve their eggs in China. Even if there are hospitals willing to freeze eggs for unmarried women, when it comes time to have children you must be married to a man in a bundle, and you can only use frozen eggs to get pregnant if the state allows you to have children. Even couples with normal fertility cannot freeze their eggs, infertile couples have to submit three certificates such as the birth certificate and only consider freezing their eggs in special cases where the husband fails to take sperm and does not accept donor sperm on the day of egg collection. Even couples with normal fertility cannot freeze their eggs, as China’s 2001 Administrative Measures for Assisted Human Reproduction Technology stipulate that only women with malignant tumors can have their eggs removed and frozen before radiation and chemotherapy, and women with infertility before in vitro fertilization is impossible. Egg freezing is an assisted reproductive technology, and Chinese law clearly states that only couples with “three certificates”, i.e. marriage certificate, ID card and birth certificate, and suffering from infertility can receive assisted reproductive technology treatment. For the safety of egg freezing, the Shanghai Municipal Health Planning Commission issued a regulation in 2013 that couples with a history of infertility and indications for assisted conception should only consider freezing their eggs in special cases where the husband fails to retrieve sperm on the day of egg collection and does not accept sperm donation. Even though women with malignant tumors or cancer can freeze their eggs, there is nowhere to store them, and there is no real egg bank in China. In China, the only people who can legally freeze their eggs, whether they are married or not, are patients with malignant tumors. Since cancer patients undergo surgery, radiation or chemotherapy, which may impair the function of their ovaries or even remove them, they can freeze their eggs prior to treatment. However, there are no corresponding regulations for egg banking in China and the Ministry of Health has not officially approved the establishment of egg banks in any hospital. Therefore, most frozen eggs for cancer patients are self-frozen. The need for egg freezing also arises in infertile couples where the woman is unable to produce eggs and needs to be donated, but in actual cases, the waiting list for eggs can take up to 10 years. In addition to patients with malignant tumors, those who need egg freezing are those who are unable to produce eggs themselves and need someone else to donate their eggs. The use of egg freezing instead of embryo freezing in the process of IVF avoids the abandonment of too many frozen embryos and avoids legal and ethical challenges. Researchers have found that there is no significant difference in the clinical pregnancy rate between the application of egg freezing technology for IVF assisted reproduction and the clinical pregnancy rate after thawing of frozen embryos. Egg freezing and egg donation are not available to the general population, and the only eggs available for loaner treatment are unused eggs from IVF treatment cycles. In China, egg freezing and egg donation by ordinary people are not in line with the Administrative Measures for Assisted Reproductive Technology and are not in line with industry regulations. In 2006, the Ministry of Health issued the “Notice of the Ministry of Health on the Issuance of the Implementation Rules for the Calibration of Human Assisted Reproductive Technology and Human Sperm Banks”, which requires that egg donors be limited to women who have undergone egg retrieval during a human assisted reproductive treatment cycle. In other words, the egg donor must also be a woman who needs IVF herself and has extra eggs from the relevant procedure, and then have her own consent to have legally donated eggs. Unable to obtain donor eggs in normal channels, families desperate for a child turn to the black market for eggs, but the private sale of eggs is illegal. Currently there are no egg banks in China and there is basically no legal way to obtain donor eggs. With “no eggs available” through legal channels, the black market for eggs is driven by profit. Families desperate for a child also spend a lot of money to buy eggs from unknown sources through these illegal channels. However, this practice of private egg donation is explicitly prohibited by the state. The Ethical Principles for Assisted Human Reproductive Technology and Human Sperm Banks, revised by the Ministry of Health in 2013, prohibits ovulation promotion for the purpose of multiple births and commercial egg donation.” The Code of Practice for Assisted Human Reproductive Technology also stipulates that “egg donation is a humanitarian act, and any organization or individual soliciting egg donors for commercial egg donation in any form is prohibited, and egg donation is limited to eggs left over from assisted human reproduction treatment cycles.