Diabetes is a lifelong metabolic disease. No matter type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes, diet therapy is indispensable to maintain the normal survival of the body and adjust the metabolic imbalance of the body, and it is the basic therapy in the comprehensive treatment of diabetes.
After diabetic patients eat, the secretion level of insulin cannot increase accordingly, resulting in the rise of blood glucose. Reasonable control of diet is beneficial to the control of blood glucose level. Studies have shown that a reasonable diet can reduce the load on pancreatic B cells and give the islet tissue a chance to recover properly. Elderly patients with type 2 diabetes and obese patients often need only dietary treatment to effectively control blood glucose and prevent complications. Patients with diabetes mellitus treated with oral hypoglycemic drugs and insulin should control their diet more reasonably and adjust the dose of drugs appropriately based on the development of a dietary treatment plan, otherwise it will lead to aggravation of the disease. Patients who are treated with insulin, if they do not control their diet, may also cause a vicious cycle of increasing insulin dosage due to increased eating and increasing weight of patients.
Therefore, diabetic patients must strictly adhere to long-term diet therapy as long as they are able to eat normally. Diabetic patients and medical professionals involved in diabetes should master the method of diet calculation.
(1) Calculate the total daily caloric energy requirement of the patient according to the standard weight (check Table 7-7-1 and 2 according to height and age) and the work situation. Inpatients are generally calculated according to 104kJ (25kcal) kg; children, pregnant women and those with wasting diseases should add calories according to standard weight; obese people (more than 10% of standard weight) can be reduced at their discretion.
(2) the proportion of food components: ① protein: adults according to 0, 8 ~ 1, 2 g / kg d calculation, children, pregnant women and malnutrition to 1, 5 ~ 2 g / kg d; ② carbohydrates and fat: in the total caloric energy deducted from the protein accounted for caloric energy, are the two to make up. The ratio of carbohydrates to fat is 2:1 or 2,5:1, fat should not exceed 2/5 of the total caloric energy, it is appropriate to use vegetable oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids; ③ three meals caloric energy distribution, according to the type of insulin used, blood sugar or urine sugar, and combined with dietary habits to decide, generally can be 1/5 in the morning, 2/5 in the afternoon, 2/5 in the evening or l/3 of each of the three meals distribution.
(3) Use more food with more crude fiber content, such as vegetables, corn, etc. The proportion of carbohydrates should not be too low (about 50% to 60% of the total caloric energy). Diabetic patients must control their diet reasonably regardless of the severity of their disease and whether they inject insulin or not. This is indisputable. The human body needs seven major nutrients from food every day: protein, fat, carbohydrates, water, inorganic salts, vitamins, and dietary fiber. These nutrients are contained in four major food groups: ① cereals ② soybeans and meat, poultry, fish, dairy, eggs ③ vegetables fats and oils. Carbohydrates (sugary foods) are the staple food of Chinese people. Glucose, sucrose, etc. are absorbed quickly and should be eaten sparingly by diabetic patients. Cereals, potatoes and other polysaccharides are absorbed more slowly, especially mixed grains, can be used more appropriately. A variety of sugar sweets should not be consumed. Sugar-free food means no sucrose food, its grain content should be calculated, and should not be eaten in excess. Protein is an important material basis for the body, must take a sufficient amount of protein food every day, generally need about 2 to 3 two meat eggs, etc.. Fat is mainly derived from cooking oil, animal oil, animal organs and hard fruits. Animal fat is generally paid more attention to patients, vegetable oil is easy to be ignored. Obese people should limit their oil consumption to 10-15 grams (1 to 1,5 teaspoons) per day, no more than 300-500 grams per month, and eat less fried food. Hard fruit food also can not be eaten casually, two walnuts or 30 peanut rice or 25 grams of shelled sunflower seeds equivalent to 10 grams of vegetable oil, must be measured.
Dietary fiber is not absorbed polysaccharide, can laxative and delay the absorption of blood sugar, from vegetables, coarse grains, such as buckwheat, oatmeal, corn, konjac, fungus, etc., diabetic patients can add appropriate. Some health food is based on fiber foods, but draw attention to the fact that such health food may help control the diet, but can never replace dietary control, let alone replace drug therapy.
Eating fruits is a concern for diabetic patients. Patients with uncontrolled blood sugar should not eat fruit, and those who are more stable in control can eat fruit equivalent to 25 grams of staple food between meals or before going to bed at night (reduce 25 grams of staple food accordingly). Certain irresponsible propaganda that bananas and cakes …… are eaten casually is not advisable. Even insulin-treated patients with satisfactory glycemic control should not eat various excessive foods at will.
Please treat the standard dietary therapy and standard drug therapy of diabetes scientifically and cherish yourself.
Note: Choosing good food suitable for diabetic patients is also very important for the control of diabetes. The following two points should be noted.
① Foods that are inappropriate to eat are.
I. Foods that can easily make blood sugar rise rapidly: white sugar, brown sugar, icing sugar, glucose, maltose, honey, chocolate, milk sugar, fruit sugar, preserves, canned fruit, soft drinks, fruit juices, sweet drinks, jams, ice cream, sweet cookies, cakes, sweet bread and sugar pastries, etc.
II. Foods that tend to raise blood lipids: butter, mutton fat, lard, butter, cream, fatty meat, and foods rich in cholesterol should be given special attention and should be used without or sparingly to prevent the occurrence of atherosclerotic heart disease.
III. Alcohol should not be consumed. Because the alcohol contained in the wine does not contain other nutrients only for heat, each gram of alcohol heat production of about 7 kcal (294 joules), long-term drinking is not good for the liver, and easy to cause an increase in serum triglycerides. A small number of patients taking sulfonylurea hypoglycemic drugs, drinking alcohol is prone to heartburn, shortness of breath, red and dry cheeks and other reactions. Note that patients on insulin are prone to hypoglycemia when drinking alcohol on an empty stomach, so it is better not to drink alcohol for the safety of patients.
② Suitable foods: mainly foods that can delay the rise of blood sugar and blood lipids.
Ⅰ, soybean and its products: these foods are rich in protein, inorganic salts, vitamins, in addition to more unsaturated fatty acids in soybean oil, which can reduce both blood cholesterol and blood triglycerides, and the gluten sterols contained also have a lipid-lowering effect.
Ⅱ, coarse sugar: such as oat noodles, buckwheat noodles, hot cereals, corn flour contains a variety of trace elements, vitamin B and edible fiber. Experiments have proved that they have the effect of delaying the rise of blood sugar. Corn flour, bean flour and white flour can be used in the ratio of 2:2:1 to make triple noodle steamed buns, pancakes and noodles, which can be discontinued for a long period of time, which is good for lowering sugar and fat and reducing hunger.
Strict control of diet is a prerequisite and the most important part of the treatment of diabetes. Doctors have found in clinical practice that patients often have poor dietary control and the drugs do not work as well as they should. Dietary control principles are as follows.
1, to break the “more glucose-lowering drugs can eat more” misconception.
2, eat less and more meals. Not only to ensure the supply of heat and nutrition, but also to avoid the post-prandial blood sugar peak.
3, carbohydrate food should be eaten according to the rules, not less and not more, to eat evenly (carbohydrate refers to grain, vegetables, milk, fruit, soy products, hard fruit food sugar).
4, eat sweet snacks and salty snacks are no different, both will cause blood sugar to rise.
5. The amount of “diabetic food” eaten should be equal to the amount of ordinary food eaten. “Diabetic food” refers to the food made with high dietary fiber, such as: buckwheat, oats. Although these foods take longer to digest and absorb, but eventually they will become glucose.
6, the so-called “sugar-free food” is essentially not added to the food, certain foods are sweeteners instead of sucrose, still can not just eat.
7, starch as the main component of the vegetables should be counted in the amount of staple foods. These vegetables are potatoes, white potatoes, lotus root, yam, rhizome, taro, lily, water chestnuts, cicada, etc.
8, in addition to soy beans, such as red lentils, green beans, fava beans, kidney beans, peas, their main ingredients are also starch, so they should also be counted as the amount of staple foods.
9, eat side dishes should also be moderate.
10, can not be filled with peanut rice, melon seeds, walnuts, almonds, pine nuts and other hard fruit food.
11, eat more food containing dietary fiber.
12.Eat less salt.
13, eat less cholesterol-containing food.
14.About eating fruits. Patients with better blood sugar control can eat fruits with low sugar content, such as apples, pears, oranges, oranges, strawberries, etc., but the amount should not be too much. The time to eat fruit should be in between two meals when blood sugar is low. If after eating fruit is equal to add a meal, blood sugar will be immediately high. In addition, after eating watermelon, sugar is absorbed quickly, so try not to eat. Bananas are high in starch and should be counted as the amount of staple food.
15, sweeteners will not be converted into glucose, will not affect the change of blood sugar, can not be used as a self-help food for hypoglycemia.
16.Diabetic patients should never restrict drinking water.