I. Overview Human-animal syndromes, jointly named by the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in 1979, are diseases of humans and vertebrates caused by common pathogens that are also epidemiologically related. There are many such pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, chlamydia, rickettsia, fungi, and parasites. Human-animal foodborne bacterial diseases are the most prevalent and frequently occurring group of human-animal diseases. The transmission routes are complex and varied, with direct and indirect transmission, and gastrointestinal transmission is an important route for zoonotic bacterial diseases. That is, the main cause of foodborne diseases is microorganisms, especially zoonotic bacteria. According to the World Health Organization statistical report, 70% of children who die from food poisoning in developed countries are caused by microbial food poisoning. Among microbial contamination, bacterial contamination is the most widespread and has the greatest impact. Among them, zoonotic bacterial pathogen contamination control presents a more serious situation. Second, the causes of the epidemic The change of ecological environment, the mutation of pathogens and the emergence of drug-resistant strains, the migration of animals and the flow of animal products, global warming, improper human behavior and lifestyle are factors that lead to the epidemic of zoonotic diseases. In contrast, contamination of animal food and improper handling of diseased animal by-products are the main causes of zoonotic bacterial diseases. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) statistics, there are more than 1.5 million people worldwide each year, died from diarrheal diseases caused by animal food pathogenic factors. China also often happens meat, eggs, milk and other animal food contaminated with E. coli 0157, Salmonella, Listeria and other microorganisms and their toxins caused by food poisoning incidents. In addition, the byproducts of animals with zoonotic diseases and their excreta, not only contaminate the environment and food, but also can cause the spread of zoonotic diseases. From a public health point of view, the majority of zoonotic bacterial diseases are transmitted to people through animals, the main transmission channels are as follows: 1, excreta transmission. Animal feces contains a variety of germs, most of the parasite eggs are also present in the feces. Tuberculosis, brucellosis and other pathogens, through fecal contamination of human food, water and utensils and transmitted to humans; leptospirosis is transmitted by blood, urine pathogen. 2, air droplet transmission. Sick animals in the runny nose, sneezing and coughing, will bring out the virus or germs, and the formation of infectious droplets in the air, spreading disease, such as tuberculosis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, etc.. 3.Contact transmission. Direct contact transmission is mainly with germ-bearing animals, animals with a variety of viruses, germs, mange mites, lice, etc. in the hair and skin, their fur and derivatives become a vector for disease transmission. Indirect contact is contact with contaminated water and soil, resulting in infection. Fourth, clinical manifestations 1, pathogenic Escherichia coli disease. The bacterium mainly resides in the intestinal tract of humans and animals, due to the wide range of human and animal activities, which determines the wide distribution of the bacterium in nature. It is a conditional pathogen, and some of its serotypes can cause infection and poisoning in humans. Pathogenic E. coli is mainly through milk, poultry and poultry eggs, pigs, cattle, sheep and other meat and its products, aquatic products, water and other food contaminated by the bacteria lead people to food infection and poisoning, pathogenic E. coli common serotypes more, which is more important is EHEC O157: H7, belongs to enterohemorrhagic E. coli, can cause hemorrhagic or non-hemorrhagic diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis (Hc) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and other systemic complications. In China, since 1987, there have been reports of disseminated cases of O 157:H7 in Jiangsu, Shandong and Beijing. 2, anthrax. Bacillus anthracis is the pathogenic bacterium that causes anthrax in animals and humans. Anthrax is an acute, febrile, septicemic infectious disease of zoonotic origin. Humans can be infected, but susceptibility is low and occurs mainly in persons with high exposure to animals and animal products. Most infections are confined, mainly manifesting as limited forms, and are classified as cutaneous anthrax, intestinal anthrax, and pulmonary anthrax. The vast majority of anthrax infections in humans are related to animals, occasionally due to sick animals processed meat products with anthrax bacilli, although the general cooking and boiling but failed to kill them, as a result of eating these contaminated food intestinal type of infection. 3, Campylobacter jejuni disease. Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common strains of bacteria that cause sporadic bacterial enteritis. The bacterium is often contaminated diet, milk, water, etc. were ingested, or direct contact with animals were infected. The risk of this bacteria to human health is relatively serious, causing enteritis and diarrhea in humans. Since Campylobacter jejuni is sensitive to stomach acid, it is only possible to cause disease if at least 104 or more bacteria are ingested orally. The bacteria multiply in the small intestine and invade the intestinal epithelium causing inflammation. Clinical manifestations are crampy abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody or jam-like stools in large amounts; headache, discomfort, and fever. Usually the disease is self-limited and lasts 5-8 d. Mammals and birds are the main storage hosts and are widely present in the bodies of poultry, birds, dogs, cats, cattle and sheep. 59.9% of pigs have cecum carriage, 26.5% of cattle cecum and 60% to 90% of chickens. Contamination in meat is also serious and worth noting. 4, brucellosis, is caused by brucellosis zoonotic infectious disease, some parts of China had an epidemic, to sheep brucellosis is most common. Livestock is the only source of infection of brucellosis, animal transmission of human pathways are: (1) by skin mucous membrane infection, close contact with sick animals, feeding, slaughtering, milking and other employees due to failure to take the necessary personal protection, skin or mucous membrane direct contact with the pathogen caused by infection; (2) by food transmission, people eat with bacteria and uncooked meat, milk or dairy products, can be transmitted through the digestive tract. The germs can also invade the human body through contaminated hands, eating utensils and other indirectly contaminated food. The peak incidence in the human population tends to occur about 1 month after the onset of the disease in animals. Its clinical features are prolonged fever, excessive sweating, arthralgia, premature birth, infertility, orchitis, and hepatosplenomegaly. This disease is still a more serious zoonotic disease threatening humans by food route or contact route. 5, mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a zoonotic chronic infectious disease, nearly 330 million people infected with tuberculosis, accounting for about 1/4 of the world’s tuberculosis patients, the annual number of deaths due to the disease reached 250,000, two times the total number of deaths from various infectious diseases. At present, the epidemiological situation of tuberculosis patients in China and the infection rate of animals is very unpromising, cattle are most susceptible to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, especially cows. Tuberculosis also occurs frequently in pigs and poultry. One of the main ways people get infected with tuberculosis is by drinking milk with bacteria due to improper sterilization, and the isolation rate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the meat of some sick animals is 62.8%, so the disease is also a serious foodborne infectious disease. Humans can also be infected by contact with diseased animals. The human and bovine forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are pathogenic to humans. The human form of tuberculosis is mainly pulmonary tuberculosis, which accounts for more than 80% of tuberculosis, while the bovine form often causes extrapulmonary tuberculosis, mainly in children, which is mainly contracted by eating raw milk, mostly in the neck lymph nodes. 6, salmonellosis, salmonella is widely present in nature, including a variety of livestock, poultry, wild animals, rodents and other body surface, intestinal tract and viscera, as well as water and soil contaminated by animal feces, resistance to the external environment is strong. Bacteria can contaminate food through all aspects of livestock and poultry slaughtering, processing, transportation, storage, sales, and cooking. In addition, catering industry personnel are patients or carriers of salmonellosis and are an important source of contamination. Foods that cause Salmonella infection and poisoning are mainly foods of animal origin, including a variety of meat, eggs, dairy, aquatic products, etc., and meat is the main in China. When people eat food containing a certain number of Salmonella, infection and poisoning can occur. According to the host adaptability of Salmonella, can be divided into three categories: (1) adapt to people: some serotypes such as Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi are highly adaptable to humans, there is no other natural host; (2) adaptable to both humans and animals: this class of bacteria has a wide range of hosts, with important food hygiene significance. This category occupies most of the genus, such as Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enterica belong to this category, they have a wide host range, can infect most animal hosts; (3) to some animal adaptation: such as Salmonella cholerae only a very narrow host range, occasionally can infect humans, usually manifested as invasive infection, the most common clinical symptoms are tissue aneurysms. 7, Yersinia pestis. Yersinia pestis is one of the zoonotic pathogens that have attracted international attention and is a very important new foodborne pathogen. Yersinia pestis mainly exists in the intestinal tract of humans and animals, food animals with a high rate of bacteria, through the food processing process caused by the contamination of food is also more serious. Yersinia pestis is widely distributed, the food contamination rate is high, so it poses a serious threat to human health, in addition to causing skin nodular erythema, dermatitis-like rash, arthritis and pseudo-appendicitis syndrome and other infectious diseases, but also often cause violent food poisoning. 8, clostridium botulinum disease. As a member of the genus Bacillus anaerobicus, a strictly anaerobic bacterium, widely distributed in nature, soil is the main source of Clostridium botulinum. Human botulism can be divided into four types: food-based botulism (i.e. toxin-based botulism); infant botulism; traumatic botulism; and inhalation botulism. The main presence in our country is food botulism, of which toxin poisoning of type A, B and E is more common. And animal botulism poisoning is mainly seen in C and D types, and less in A, B and E types. The survey statistics of 223 cases of botulism poisoning in Xinjiang found that there were 204 cases of poisoning caused by plant foods such as stinky tofu, tempeh and noodle sauce, accounting for 91.48%; the remaining 19 cases were animal foods, including cooked mutton, mutton oil, lard, rotten eggs and stinky fish. Although the occurrence of botulism poisoning is relatively small, the lethality rate is high. Humans who consume food contaminated with the toxin can cause serious botulism poisoning, and the mortality rate is as high as 70% if not treated in time. 9, Clostridium perfringens, also known as Clostridium perfringens (bacillus) is also a member of the genus anaerobic bacillus, widely distributed in nature, in the air, dust, soil, garbage, sewage are present in the intestinal tract of humans and animals are often found in the reported rate of 2% to 15% in the intestines of healthy people, animal feces detection rate of 1.7% to 18.4%, in the feces of pigs, rats, about 20% can find the bacteria It is a conditional pathogen. This bacterium is a conditional pathogenic bacteria, can cause a variety of animal disease, but also human and animal trauma (acute), infection (gas gangrene) is an important pathogen, but also a relatively common food poisoning bacteria. Because of its heat-resistant bacilli, even if heated, it can not be completely killed, and the bacilli will multiply at the right temperature and produce toxins, which can cause food poisoning when people eat them. Clostridium perfringens food poisoning is usually caused by type A bacteria, followed by type F. The clinical symptoms are acute gastroenteritis, abdominal pain, diarrhea, accompanied by fever and nausea, the duration of the disease is short, most of them can recover within a day. 10, swine bacillus disease. Swine bacillus is the pathogen that causes swine diphtheria, and is also a zoonotic pathogen. Swine bacillus is widely distributed in nature, such as pigs, sheep, birds, often with the bacterium on the body surface and mucous membranes, mainly causing disease in pigs. Healthy pigs also have this bacterium in their tonsils, intestinal mucosa and gall bladder, and sick pigs and pigs with the bacterium are the infectious source of this disease. The human is susceptible to swine bacillus, and the symptoms are limited (skin type) or septicemic. Swine venom is an occupational disease, mostly found in veterinarians, slaughter and processing personnel, etc. The bacterium can survive for a long time in cured meat and should be noted. The infection occurs in humans due to skin injury, often confined to the fingers or hands, and is often referred to as dermatophytosis-like. The infected area is swollen, hard, dark red, burning, and painful, but does not become septic. 11, Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection and poisoning. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a salt-loving bacterium (salt-loving Vibrio), mainly in seawater and seafood, including pike, squid, marine fish, small seafood, etc., the rate of fish with bacteria for in 20% to 90%; followed by eggs, meat or vegetables. When the pathogenic strain of the bacterium contaminated products are inadvertently consumed by people, it can cause gastroenteritis, and the bacterium is also one of the main pathogenic bacteria in food poisoning outbreaks in coastal areas. Food poisoning caused by this bacterium is mainly caused by raw seafood, inadequate cooking and heating or cross-contamination. However, if people who are often exposed to the bacterium are less likely to develop the disease even if they eat the same contaminated food. 12, spirochete disease. Leptospira is widely distributed in nature, especially in water, and is also parasitic in humans and animals. Leptospira host animals are very broad, almost all warm-blooded animals can be infected, with rodents as the most important storage hosts. Most of the rodents infected with the disease are healthy and carry the bacteria for up to l-2 years, or even for life. In livestock and poultry, pigs, cattle, dogs, sheep, etc. can be infected, and long-term carriage of bacteria, especially pigs, the infection rate of 25% or more, some areas can be as high as 80% or more. It is the most dangerous source of infection because of its long duration, large amount of bacteria discharge and serious pollution of the environment. Mainly through contact with sick animal urine, contaminated water and infection. The infection can also occur due to dismemberment and dissection of sick animals, so it is also one of the occupational diseases of slaughter processors, breeders and veterinarians. The disease starts with sudden onset of fever, headache, general malaise, weakness, body temperature of 39℃~40℃, accompanied by muscle pain, especially gastrocnemius pain and pressure pain as a characteristic, inguinal lymph nodes swelling, proteinuria and jaundice and other symptoms. 13, Staphylococcus aureus. Widely present in nature, including water, human and animal excrement can be found. Therefore, there are many opportunities for food to be contaminated by it. It can contaminate food through the following ways: food processors, cooks or salespeople carry bacteria, causing food contamination; food carries bacteria before processing itself, or during processing, or cooked food products are poorly packaged and contaminated during transportation, producing enterotoxin and causing food poisoning. V. Diagnosis and treatment 1. Epidemiological history. Understand the patient’s occupation, dietary habits, recent production activities, history of contact with animals including poultry, domestic animals, pets and wild animals, history of previous vaccination, history of similar diseases in the surrounding population, etc. 2. Typical clinical manifestations. It is necessary to grasp the typical clinical manifestations of a disease, but also to understand the atypical clinical manifestations of a disease in different individuals, and to make a preliminary clinical diagnosis only after careful differential diagnosis, and to actively sample and send for relevant laboratory indicators to try to clarify the pathogens. 3.Empirical antimicrobial therapy should be administered as early as possible and adjusted according to the results of bacteriological drug sensitivity tests. 4, while treating patients, anti-pathogenic treatment should also be given to sick animals, and necessary isolation and disinfection to prevent further transmission and spread among pathogenic animals, and cut off the epidemic link of animal → human → animal. Prevention of human-animal disease prevention and control work should be from the “three links and two factors” (infectious sources, transmission channels, susceptible populations and social factors, natural factors) to start, comprehensive development of “eliminate the source of infection, cut off the transmission channels, to protect susceptible populations” The comprehensive prevention and control measures should be carried out to achieve “early detection, early reporting, early diagnosis, early isolation and early treatment”.