What should I pay attention to during menstruation? How to recognize normal and abnormal menstruation? How to prevent irregular menstruation? How to treat it? How is dysmenorrhea caused? To keep the vulva clean: during menstruation, the cervix is slightly open, and the “mucus plug” at the mouth of the cervix is washed out by menstrual blood, which makes it easy for bacteria to invade; usually the vagina is acidic, and bacteria are not prone to grow and reproduce in acidic environments, and have a self-purifying effect. Menstrual blood from the vagina out of the destruction of the acidic environment of the vagina, bacteria are easy to invade and survive. The menstrual blood left in the vagina and outside the vagina is conducive to the growth and reproduction of bacteria. Once the bacteria invade, they will infect the traumatized surface of the endometrium, causing inflammation of the uterus and upward infection triggering adnexitis and pelvic inflammatory disease, affecting health and even causing sterility. Therefore, during menstruation must pay attention to keep the pubic area clean. Warm water should be used to wash the pubic area every day. When cleaning the pubic area, there should be a special basin for cleaning the pubic area, and the basin should be cleaned with boiling water before cleaning. You can’t sit in the basin and soak it to avoid dirty water entering the vagina. And pay attention to wash from front to back, to prevent the anus unclean material into the vagina. After washing, use gauze, toilet paper or soft towel to wipe. When wiping the anus after defecation, use toilet paper to wipe from front to back, so as not to bring the dirt near the anus into the vagina and cause inflammation. Maintain the hygiene of menstrual pads: some girls lack knowledge of hygiene or insufficient preparation, they use ordinary toilet paper, rags, cotton wool or even dirty newspapers as menstrual pads, which can easily cause uterine infections. Therefore, you should use sterilized toilet paper or sanitary napkins for menstruation, and change toilet paper or sanitary napkins frequently. Bathing should pay attention to hygiene: During menstruation, it is necessary to take more baths appropriately to help regulate menstrual blood. Bathing during menstruation must take a shower or scrub bath, not a basin bath or pond to prevent dirty water and bacteria from invading the vagina. At the same time, hot water soaking the whole body or the lower half of the body for too long, can make the pelvic congestion caused by excessive menstrual flow. Also do not take a cool bath or wash your feet with cool water, try to avoid being drenched in the rain, not to mention swimming in the water. Because the pelvic congestion during menstruation, such as the cold stimulation of the uterus and pelvic blood vessels in the extreme contraction, can make the menstrual period less or suddenly stop. In addition, menstruation resistance is easy to drop cold and cold lead to other diseases. Moderate labor, avoid heavy physical labor and intense sports: generally during menstruation, you can participate in normal activities and labor, but you should avoid heavy physical labor and intense sports. Do not eat stimulating food: During menstruation, you should not eat stimulating food such as chili peppers, onions and garlic, and do not smoke or drink alcohol to reduce uterine congestion. However, cold drinks such as ice-cold sodas, ice cream and sorbet are better to be avoided. During menstruation, you should drink more boiled water, eat more vegetables and moderate amount of fruits to replenish water to keep your bowels free. Keep your spirit happy: the nervous system and endocrine system will change during menstruation, so you will be easily agitated, easily fatigued and short-tempered. Emotional excitement will have an effect on the menstrual period and the amount of menstruation. Therefore, you should control your emotions to keep your spirits happy during menstruation.? As young girls grow into girls, there will be physiological changes, usually after the age of thirteen will appear menstruation, how to determine the normal and abnormal menstruation is a young girl need to know: (1) menstrual cycle. The average woman’s menstrual cycle is 28-30 days, but there are some who menstruate once every 30 days, and some even menstruate once every 40. As long as there is regularity, that is, each menstrual cycle is more or less the same, all are normal. In addition, menstruation is easily affected by a variety of factors, so it is normal for menstruation to be 3-5 days early or late. If this menstrual cycle is 20 days, the next is 40 days, a lot of days apart, and often occur, and some even menstruation 1-2 days, after 10 days of 1-2 days, losing the cycle, this is abnormal, called menstrual irregularity. It should be noted that, when a young girl has her first menstruation, because the ovaries are just developing, the function is not perfect, so there will be dysfunction and irregularity, this is not a pathological phenomenon, no need to fear and worry, after one or two years of ovarian development and maturity, the menstruation will turn to normal. (2) Menstruation (also called menstruation). A woman’s menstruation lasts about 3-5 days, and 2-8 days is not uncommon. The general pattern of menstruation is that there is not much blood on the first day of menstruation, more on the second and third days, and then it gradually decreases until the menstrual blood is clean. This is because on the first day the shedding of the uterine lining has just begun, on the second and third days the shedding of the uterine lining increases, the bleeding also increases, the uterus is stimulated to strengthen the contraction, and a large amount of menstrual blood is discharged. Some people after the menstrual blood clean, after a day or two and came a little, want to say “menstrual blood back”, this is not a disease, but a normal phenomenon. However, some women menstruation up to 10 days, or even 20 days, menstruation dribbling; some menstruation is very short, just “a wobble” that is. These two phenomena are abnormal. (3) The amount of menstrual blood. The amount of women’s menstrual flow varies greatly from person to person, generally 20-100 milliliters, an average of about 50. It is normal to change sanitary napkin or menstrual paper 3-5 times a day. If the amount of menstrual blood is too much, the sanitary napkin or menstrual paper will be wet again soon after changing once, and even the menstrual blood will flow down the thigh, which is not normal. Excessive menstrual blood may be caused by functional uterine bleeding due to excessive mental stress, environmental changes, malnutrition and metabolic disorders. Excessive menstrual blood over a long period of time can cause anemia, which should be treated by seeking early medical attention to identify the cause. Of course, it may also be due to the uterus, ovary abnormalities or systemic diseases, causing too little menstruation, which is also not normal, so promptly seek medical attention. It is more common for adolescent girls to have excessive menstrual flow. The main reason for this is that during puberty, ovarian function is not yet fully mature, and part of menstruation at this time is anovulatory. Without ovulation, there is no corpus luteum, and without corpus luteum, there is a lack of progesterone. Therefore, the endometrium can only be in the proliferative phase but can not reach the perfect secretory phase, so that the endometrium shedding incomplete and affect the contraction of the uterus, resulting in excessive menstrual blood. If this situation is not noticed, over time, anemia symptoms such as pallor, fatigue and dizziness may appear, and medical treatment should also be sought. (4) The color of menstrual blood. Normal blood is dark red, mixed with small fragments of shed endometrium, cervical mucus, vaginal epithelial cells, the blood does not coagulate, so there is no blood clot. If the menstrual blood is thin as water, only a little pink, or dark and purple, they are abnormal. It is also not normal if the menstrual blood is completely clotted, there may be another site of bleeding and early medical attention should be sought to ensure good health. Since the onset of menstruation, you should learn to understand some general knowledge of health, have a correct understanding of the physiological phenomenon of menstruation, eliminate fear and nervousness can prevent primary dysmenorrhea or improve the pain threshold to reduce the degree of pain. Pay attention to the hygiene of menstruation and sexual life to prevent upward infection during menstruation. Actively prevent and treat diseases that may cause menstrual blood retention. Menstruation should pay attention to keep warm, avoid cold and cold stimulation, to prevent the invasion of cold; pay attention to rest, reduce fatigue, strengthen nutrition, enhance physical fitness; should try to control the violent mood fluctuations, to avoid strong mental stimulation, to maintain a happy mood; usually to prevent the excessive room labor, menstruation is absolutely prohibited from sexual life. Menstruation should pay attention to dietary regulation, premenstrual and menstrual avoid eating cold and cold products, so as to avoid cold blood stasis and aggravation of dysmenorrhea. Those who have heavy menstrual flow should not eat spicy and dry things, so as not to heat the blood line bleeding worse, and pay attention not to abuse the drug, should be based on the cause of dysmenorrhea diagnosis and treatment. Menstrual disease diagnosed as neuroendocrine dysfunction caused by menstrual disease, in the treatment should be based on the severity of the disease and the patient’s specific situation, the use of different treatment programs. The main problems brought by menstrual diseases to patients are as follows, and the treatment should also start from solving these problems of patients: (1) Bleeding and anemia: caused by long period and heavy menstrual flow. In addition to general hemostatic measures, hormones or scraping can be used to stop bleeding as appropriate. (2) Cycle disorders: can be treated with single or combined cycles of estrogen and progesterone, or with Chinese herbs. (3) Infertility: the dysfunction of one or more links in the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis causing anovulation is one of the pathophysiological bases of menstrual disease and one of the causes of infertility, which is a problem that many patients urgently demand to solve. Some patients ovulate but the luteal function is insufficient, can also cause infertility. Depending on the patient’s condition, different ovulation-promoting drugs are chosen to improve the function of the ovaries or to replace part of the function of the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus. If there is a cramping pain in the lower abdomen before and after menstruation, especially during menstruation, which radiates to the waist, vagina and anus, as well as nausea and even fainting and other symptoms, affecting normal study and work, this condition is called dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea is easy to see in unmarried or infertile women, often after childbirth dysmenorrhea will reduce menstruation or disappear. There are two types of dysmenorrhea: one is primary dysmenorrhea where the cause cannot be found after careful examination. The majority of dysmenorrhea in teenage girls falls into this category. Primary dysmenorrhea has no lesions in the reproductive organs. The majority of dysmenorrhea in some adults also fall into this category. The other type of dysmenorrhea is secondary dysmenorrhea, which is caused by lesions in the reproductive organs. Commonly, there are pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, uterine submucous fibroids, etc., and these diseases are cured, and the dysmenorrhea will no longer occur. At present, it is believed that the causes of primary dysmenorrhea are mainly related to the following factors? Mental tension: Some young girls, due to lack of physiological knowledge, feel irritable, anxious, nervous and fearful once they have menstruation, so they are more sensitive to pain than ordinary people. Even slight discomfort will feel pain, and the more mental tension the more pain. This kind of pain is mainly produced or aggravated by psychological effects. Physical weakness: Some teenage girls are physically weak and usually do not pay attention to exercise, so their tolerance for pain decreases and they feel unsupportable even for minor pain. Some teenage women feel abdominal pain during menstruation, which is related to the underdevelopment of the relevant muscle groups. Some of the abdominal muscle groups have the role of supporting the abdominal cavity visceral organs, if this part of the muscle groups are not well developed, the role of supporting the organs concerned will be poorer, so that due to the weight of the organs pulling, it will produce the feeling of pain. Hormonal effects: menstruation usually occurs about two weeks after ovarian ovulation, after ovarian ovulation gradually produce corpus luteum, corpus luteum can secrete progesterone. Excessive production of progesterone can cause the cervix to contract strongly, affecting the outflow of menstrual blood from the uterus. More menstrual blood in the uterus stimulates the uterus causing it to contract strongly, thus producing pain. Problems with the uterus: In some cases, the cervix of the uterus is too narrow for the menstrual blood to pass through, causing pain. In some cases, the uterus is underdeveloped or malformed, and the muscles cannot contract in a coordinated way to cause pain. Some people’s uterus position is extremely anterior flexion or posterior tilt, to discharge menstrual blood, the uterus must strengthen the contraction, the uterus contraction is strong will appear pain. Some people have inflammation of the reproductive organs, resulting in congestion and swelling in the pelvis, which causes back pain and leg pain. Any young girl with dysmenorrhea should go to the gynecology department of the hospital to find out the cause. If the dysmenorrhea is secondary to diseases of the reproductive organs, it is usually cured after careful treatment, and the disease is cured naturally without dysmenorrhea.