Cerebrovascular disease is the second leading cause of death and the first leading cause of disability in China. Atherosclerosis plays a very important role in the development of cerebrovascular disease, and the mechanisms that cause stroke include embolization of distal vessels due to the detachment of unstable plaques in the intima of arteries, and hypoperfusion damage to local brain tissue due to vascular stenosis. Currently, the common treatments for atherosclerotic stenosis include drug therapy, surgery and endovascular intervention. The commonly used drugs include statins, anti-platelet aggregation and anti-hypertensive drugs. Surgical treatment includes endarterectomy, intracranial and extracranial vascular bypass surgery, etc. Endovascular interventions include arterial angioplasty and stent placement, endovascular spinotomy, laser or mechanical assisted revascularization, etc. Among the surgical treatment methods for carotid atherosclerosis, endarterectomy is relatively simple to perform and its efficacy has been proven by 50 years of clinical practice, and has been widely performed in western developed countries. Endovascular intervention is a new technique for the treatment of atherosclerotic stenosis that has been developed in recent years. Among them, angioplasty and stenting is a procedure in which a stenotic vessel is dilated with a balloon and then a metal stent is permanently placed. Stenting of stenotic arteries can reduce the shedding of intimal plaque at the stenosis site, improve the hypoperfusion of brain tissue caused by stenosis. The stenting of the stenotic artery can reduce intimal plaque shedding at the stenosis site, improve brain tissue hypoperfusion caused by the stenosis, and prevent further worsening of the stenosis. Angioplasty and stenting is a new option for the treatment of cerebral artery stenosis because it is less invasive, generally does not require general anesthesia, and has fewer complications. China has 7 million patients with cerebrovascular disease and 2 million new patients each year. Therefore, we have the largest group of patients with cerebrovascular disease in the world. With the accelerated aging of our population, the number of cerebrovascular disease patients is increasing. Compared with developed countries, there is still a big gap in the level of control of cerebrovascular disease risk factors. There are no reports of multicenter randomized controlled studies of cerebrovascular disease interventions in China, and there is a lack of evidence-based medical grade I and II evidence of cerebrovascular disease interventions for Chinese people. When formulating guidelines and indication criteria for cerebrovascular interventions, we can only refer to and learn from the results and experiences of relevant foreign studies for the time being. Epidemiological studies have shown that there are many differences in the characteristics of cerebrovascular disease, risk factors and long-term prognosis between Eastern and Western populations due to differences in lifestyle, economic culture and ethnicity. The sites and pathological characteristics of intracranial and extracranial atherosclerosis are also not exactly the same. Therefore, when carrying out interventional treatment for cerebrovascular disease, these differences should be taken into account, and the results of Western studies should not be copied completely. It is necessary to conduct systematic studies on the anatomical, pathological and epidemiological characteristics of cerebrovascular disease in Chinese people, and to develop reasonable intravascular interventional treatment plans according to their characteristics. To address these issues, collaborative research involving practitioners from many disciplines is needed, and neurologists will play a leading role in this regard.