Bladder tumors are the most common tumors in the urinary tract and one of the more common tumors throughout the body, most of which occur in the bladder triangle, both walls and the neck. In China, the incidence rate of bladder cancer ranks eighth among the whole body tumors in men, and after twelfth in women. In recent years, the incidence of bladder cancer has been increasing in some cities in China, and bladder tumors are now ranked first among male genital tumors.
The causes of bladder cancer include: bladder cancer is mostly seen in men, with a male to female incidence rate of 3-4:1. The age of onset is 50-70 years old; the causes of bladder cancer are complex and have not been fully clarified so far, but according to clinical studies, the following factors are considered to be involved High incidence of bladder tumors.
2, smoking: can increase the incidence of bladder tumors.
3.Long-term local stimulation of bladder mucosa: such as long-term chronic infection, long-term stimulation of bladder stones and urinary tract obstruction can induce cancer; and cystitis, mucosal white spots are considered as precancerous lesions.
4.Large intake of finasteride: it has been confirmed that it can cause bladder cancer.
5.Parasitic diseases.
6.Other factors: such as pelvic x-ray irradiation, which can also cause cancer.
Treatment of bladder cancer Bladder cancer can be roughly divided into three categories according to its clinical characteristics: superficial bladder cancer, muscle invasive bladder cancer and metastatic bladder cancer.
Superficial bladder cancer refers to superficial bladder mucosal epithelial layer and submucosal layer, which is the early stage of bladder cancer.
In order to prevent the recurrence of bladder cancer after surgery, postoperative bladder infusion chemotherapy is needed. Currently, the more widely used bladder infusion drugs are BCG, mitomycin C, piroplasin, epirubicin, hydroxycamptothecin and so on. For postoperative recurrent bladder cancer, if it is still a non-muscle invasive tumor, transurethral resection is also an option.
For progression to muscle-invasive tumors, transurethral resection is no longer indicated; muscle-invasive bladder cancer refers to cancer cells that have grown deeper into the muscle layer of the bladder. The clinical characteristic of this type of bladder tumor is that it is prone to metastasis, so the treatment for this type of tumor is usually to choose total cystectomy plus pelvic lymph node dissection. The two most widely used clinical procedures are ileal cystectomy (Bricker procedure) and in situ neocystectomy.