Human papilloma viruses (HPV) are deoxyribonucleic acid viruses that are widely found in nature. The prevalence of HPV infection in humans is high, ranging from less than 1% to as high as 50% in the natural population and up to 20%-80% in the sexually active population, according to foreign reports. To date, more than 150 HPV subtypes have been identified, most of which are low-risk and can only cause benign lesions of the skin and mucous membranes, while high-risk HPV and a few intermediate HPV types can cause malignant lesions. Clinically, the most important ones are HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 38 and other 8 subtypes, which are the main HPV subtypes causing extra-anal genital condyloma and cervical lesions (including cervical cancer). It is now clear that 90% of cervical cancers are caused by persistent HPV infection, among which, the infection rate of HPV16 is 40-60% and that of HPV18 is 10-20%, indicating that HPV16 is the most common HPV subtype causing cancer. Among cervical cancer cases in China, HPV infection is dominated by HPV16 and 18, and the findings show that HPV16 is most closely related to cervical squamous cancer, while HPV18 is most likely to cause cervical adenocarcinoma. Although persistent HPV infection, especially high-risk HPV, is an important causative factor for cervical cancer, it is not a sufficient condition to cause cancer, as most women with HPV infection can subside on their own, only 5-10% develop into persistent infection, and only 2-3% of HPV infection eventually develop into cervical cancer. In recent years, HPV screening has also become an important method to assist in cervical cancer screening. The vast majority of HPV infections can be cleared within a few months to 2 years. In a 5-year follow-up study, it was found that the natural clearance rate of HPV infection reached 92%, so HPV-positive patients need not worry too much and do not need frequent HPV retesting, which is usually done in 8-12 months. The development of cervical cancer is a continuous development process from quantitative to qualitative and gradual to mutation. These precursor lesions can exist for many years, usually about 10 years, while high-risk HPV infection usually lasts for 8-24 months to develop cervical precancerous lesions, and cervical cancer can occur in about 10 years on average. Cervical cancer has a series of precursor lesions, pathologically known as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, which are usually classified into three levels according to the severity: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CINI), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN II), and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN III). If it can be diagnosed at the precancerous stage, it can be further treated or monitored. Therefore, abnormal changes in the cervix can be detected early through screening or regular gynecological examinations, leading to early diagnosis and treatment and reducing the incidence and mortality of cervical invasive cancer. In clinical practice, HPV testing is instructive for further management when patients are diagnosed with: atypical squamous cells, ASCUS CIN I, CINII and CINIII. In conclusion, persistent high-risk HPV infection is a necessary condition for cervical cancer, and prevention and early detection of cervical cancer can be achieved by enhancing knowledge about cervical cancer during precancerous lesions, regular gynecological examinations, screening TCT and, if necessary, with high-risk HPV testing.