Ice packs are placed intermittently on the face corresponding to the surgical area for 24 hours after surgery to reduce postoperative tissue edema. On the day of surgery, teeth can be brushed, but not the surgical area. Rinse with 0.12% or 0.2% chlorhexidine solution twice a day until normal brushing can be resumed to minimize plaque formation. The patient should be explained the importance of keeping the mouth and tooth surface clean during the first month after surgery, as accumulation of plaque will lead to inflammation of the wound, delayed healing, and even failure of the surgery. If the surgery is extensive, or if osteoplasty or bone grafting is performed, prophylactic oral antibiotics may be given for 4 to 5 days. Generally, one week after surgery, the plugs are removed and the stitches are removed. When removing the plug, the plug should be divided into several small pieces and the sutures attached to it should be cut, and then the plug should be removed piece by piece. If the wound is not healing well, the plug can be applied for another week. After the sutures are removed, the patient should be instructed in plaque control, and the use of toothpicks or dental floss can be taught if there is a large gap between the teeth. After the plugging agent is removed, under normal circumstances, it can be seen that there is epithelial coverage at the incision, and it will bleed when touched, so it is necessary to pay attention to protecting these epithelial tissues, avoiding injury and not probing; it can also be seen that in the buccal and lingual mucous membrane surface of the plugging agent placing area, a layer of gray or white film formed by the food and the shedding of epithelial cells can be gently cleared with a wet cotton ball. Care should be taken to check for residual plaque tartar, especially in the concave surfaces of the neighboring surfaces and the root bifurcation area. If there is residual tartar, inflammation may form, delaying the healing process. Some patients may experience postoperative root sensitivity, which will gradually disappear after a few weeks. There is also an increase in tooth movement in the immediate postoperative period, but this will return to preoperative levels after 4 weeks. Do not probe periodontal pockets for 6 weeks after surgery to avoid disrupting the new attachment process. Possible postoperative complications and their management are as follows: 1. Persistent postoperative bleeding: the plug should be removed and the location of the local bleeding point should be examined, the bleeding can be stopped by compression, or by electrocautery if necessary. Replace the plug after stopping bleeding. 2. Occlusal pain of the teeth in the operation area: too much plugging agent interferes with occlusion, which will cause occlusal pain, removing the excess plugging agent can be done; if there is occlusal elevation, adjusting myrrh can help eliminate the symptoms. It may also be due to the inflammation extends to the periodontal ligament, generally with the prolongation of the postoperative period, the symptoms gradually subside, but if the symptoms gradually aggravate, then the plugging agent should be removed, check whether there is infection in the surgical area and residual tartar and other local irritants, such as the surgical area is infected with abscess formation, it should be incised and drained, and remove the residual tartar thoroughly. 3, swelling: within 2 days after the operation, some patients will have soft painless swelling in the cheek corresponding to the operation area, and there may also be swollen lymph nodes and elevated body temperature, while the operation area itself is not abnormal, which is a local inflammatory reaction to the surgical process, and it will gradually subside on the 4th day after the operation. If swelling persists or worsens, or if pain develops, antibiotics, such as amoxicillin 500m9 three times daily for one week, should be administered, and the patient should be instructed to apply intermittent warm compresses to the swollen area with a hot towel or the like, which is beneficial for the swelling to subside. It has been reported that postoperative prophylactic use of antibiotics helps to prevent the occurrence of postoperative infection and swelling. 4. Feeling weak after surgery: Patients may occasionally feel weak, or have low-grade fever within 24 hours after surgery, which is a systemic response to the transient bacteremia caused by the surgical procedure. Start taking amoxicillin 500ra9 24 hours before surgery, every 8 hours l times, continuously until 5 days after surgery, can prevent the occurrence of this symptom. 5, plugging agent dislodgement: should be timely follow-up, re-placement of plugging agent. However, some scholars believe that as long as the oral cavity and the surgical area can be kept clean, good control of plaque, may not be placed plugging agent. Postoperative tissue healing Histologic healing process Within 24 hours after flap surgery, the gingival flap is connected to the tooth surface (or bone surface) by a blood clot and there are a large number of neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and the amount of exudate also increases. 1 – 3 days after surgery, the epithelium crawled to the edge of the gingival flap and reached the tooth surface. At 2 weeks postoperatively, the combined epithelium forms and attaches to the root surface of the tooth, and the blood clot beneath the flap has been replaced by granulation tissue from the gingival connective tissue, bone marrow cavity, or periodontium. If the gingival flap is not tightly adhered to the tooth (bone) surface more granulation tissue is formed, inflammation is more severe and healing is slower. Two weeks after surgery, collagen fibers begin to form and are parallel to the tooth surface. At this time, the appearance of the gingiva is close to normal, but because the collagen fibers are still immature, the connection between the gingival flap and the tooth surface is still fragile. At 3 to 4 weeks postoperatively, the reconstruction of both epithelium and connective tissue has been completed, the gingival sulcus is lined with normal epithelium, combined with epithelial formation, and gingival fibers above the alveolar ridge have been functionally aligned. The healing process of the alveolar bone after surgery depends on the degree of exposure of the bone at the time of surgery, whether or not bone molding is done, and whether or not the bone surface is tightly covered after surgery. The bone surface was exposed at the time of full-thickness flap surgery, and there was superficial necrosis of the bone surface at 1 to 3 days postoperatively, followed by osteoclastic resorption, which peaked at 4 to 5 days postoperatively, and then gradually diminished, resulting in about 0.5 to l mm of bone resorption. In the adjacent alveolar septal area, this bone resorption can be repaired later, whereas in the buccolingual area it is difficult to repair due to the thick bone plate without cancellous bone, leading to eventual loss of a small amount of bone, even in the area that has not been bone reshaped. In cases where osteoplasty is performed or where the postoperative gingival flap fails to cover the bone surface tightly, there is more necrosis and inflammation of the bone and a reduction in the height of the bone crest, after which there can be repair and remodeling, peaking 3 to 4 weeks postoperatively, and the process of repair can also take up to 72 days. It has been reported that although the half-thickness flap method leaves the periosteum and a portion of the connective tissue on the bony surface, if that connective tissue is too thin or if the periosteum is directly exposed, the consequences are no different from those of a full-thickness flap. The healing process of a half-thickness flap can be shorter than that of a full-thickness flap only if the gingiva is thick.