Hysteria, also known as hysteria, is a group of disorders caused by the action of displayed psychological factors, such as life events, internal conflicts or intense emotional experiences, suggestion or self-referral, on susceptible individuals. The main clinical manifestations are hysterical psychotic disorder (also known as dissociative symptoms) and hysterical somatic disorder (also known as conversion symptoms), which are not based on verifiable organic lesions. The symptoms are characterized by artifice, exaggeration, or emotional overtones, and can sometimes be induced by suggestion or disappear by suggestion, with a tendency to recur. Hysteria is common in women and rare in men. Most scholars believe that the incidence is higher in culturally backward areas. The prognosis of dysthymia is generally considered to be better. I. Etiology Heredity Suggests that hysteria patients have a genetic predisposition; psychosocial factors It is generally believed that psychosocial factors are the main cause of hysteria. Acute, stressful events that can lead to intense mental tension, fear and embarrassment are important factors in causing the disease; and traumatic experiences in adulthood, such as suffering from mental abuse, physical or sexual destruction is one of the important causes of separation or conversion disorder in adulthood; cultural isolation, superstition heavy areas have a high incidence, and there may even be an epidemic of hysteria; and has a strong emotional response, easy to Accepting hints, exaggerated expressions, like to seek the attention of others and self-centered, worry more, manage more, like to show themselves in front of people, like the pursuit of perfection, afraid of losing face personality characteristics, look at the family and the outside world easy to wear colored glasses, everywhere think not as desired, in frustration, psychological conflict or accept hints easily hysteria. Clinical manifestations Most of the acute onset of the disease under the promotion of mental factors, and rapid development to a serious stage. The clinical manifestations are complex and varied. The most common symptoms are chest congestion, tightness of breath, throat obstruction, lack of appetite and desire to eat, etc., which can be summarized into the following three categories. (A) Hysterical mental disorder, also known as dissociative disorder, refers to the partial or complete incompatibility between the perception of past experiences and present-day environment and self-identity, and is a more common manifestation of hysteria. The main manifestations are as follows: 1. Disorders of consciousness Disorders of consciousness in dysthymic patients include disorders of awareness of the surrounding environment and self-awareness. Disorders of awareness of the surrounding environment, also known as altered state of consciousness, mainly refers to the narrowing of the scope of consciousness, hazy state or drowsiness is more common, serious cases can appear hysterical xylophobia, some patients also manifest hysterical delirium; self-awareness disorders, also known as hysterical identity disorders, including alternate personality, dual personality, multiple personalities, etc., is also more common. In the words of the old people, angry after angry past, but the patient is clear psychologically, who is next to him, who is saving him understand, just can not speak or arms and legs do not listen to the command can not move. 2, emotional outbursts is a common manifestation of hysteria attacks, the patient shows a sudden onset of mental stimulation, sometimes crying, sometimes laughing, chest pounding, shouting, noisy and restless, some self-inflicted injuries, injury, destruction, there are obvious features of emotional venting. If the seizure lasts for a long time, it can be more obvious and rich in content. It lasts for tens of minutes and can be relieved by itself, mostly accompanied by selective amnesia. 3. Hysterical dementia is a kind of pseudo-dementia. It is called child-like dementia when it is manifested by giving approximate answers to simple questions or when it is manifested by obvious childish behavior. 4. Hysterical amnesia, also known as phasic amnesia or selective amnesia, often achieves the purpose of avoidance. The amnesia is characterized by forgetting a certain stage of experience or an event of a certain nature, which is often related to mental trauma. 5.Hysterical psychosis is the most serious manifestation of hysterical mental disorder. Usually there are behavioral disturbances, thought association disorders or fragmentary hallucinatory delusions and depersonalization symptoms in the context of haze of consciousness or wandering disorder, and the episodes are longer than the above-mentioned types, and there are no residual symptoms after remission. (B) Hysterical somatic disorder, also known as conversion disorder, refers to the emotional reaction caused by mental stimuli manifested in the form of somatic symptoms. It is characterized by a variety of examinations that do not reveal corresponding organic damage to the nervous system and visceral organs. 1, movement disorders More common are spastic seizures, local muscle twitching or clonus, limb paralysis, walking, etc. The spastic seizures are very similar to grand mal seizures, but without mouth and tongue bite, bruises and fecal and urinary incontinence, and they last longer and have large twitching amplitude, mostly occurring in the presence of people. Focal muscle twitching and myoclonus are very similar to partial seizures or chorea, and the distinction between the two is mainly based on EEG and clinical observation. Hysterical limb paralysis may present as monoplegia, paraplegia, or hemiplegia with increased or flaccid muscle tone, without signs of neurological damage, although disuse muscular atrophy may be present in those with prolonged disease. Some patients may have speech motor disorders, such as dysarthria and mutism deafness. 2.Sensory disorders include sensory hypersensitivity, sensory deficit (local or generalized sensory deficit, the scope of deficit is not consistent with the distribution of nerves), sensory abnormalities (such as pharyngeal obstruction, foreign body sensation, also known as hysterical ball; head tightness, psychogenic pain, etc.), hysterical blindness and tube vision, hysterical deafness, etc. (C) Special manifestations of hysteria Epidemic hysteria or collective episodes of hysteria is a special form of hysteria. It mostly occurs in a group of people who live together, experience or have basically similar ideas. It starts with the onset of one person, and those who witness it around them are sensed to have similar symptoms one after another under suggestion and self-referral, and the epidemic breaks out in a short period of time. These episodes are generally short-lived and are more common in women. Treatment Early and adequate treatment is important to prevent recurrent symptoms and chronicity of the disease. Reasonable explanation of the nature of the disease, the relationship between symptoms and psychological and personality traits, together with appropriate psychological and pharmacological treatment, can often achieve good results in first-time patients. In addition, it is important to avoid medical implication during the treatment process, such as avoiding excessive repeated examinations and inappropriate questions. During the examination, avoid multiple people around and excessive attention to the patient’s symptoms. The symptoms of dysthymia are functional, so psychotherapy has an important place. Pharmacological treatment mainly involves taking appropriate anti-anxiety, anti-psychotic and anti-depressant drugs, which can strengthen the effect of psychotherapy on the one hand; in addition, eliminate the accompanying symptoms of anxiety, depression and somatic discomfort through medication, thus reducing the basis of self-referral in patients with dysthymia. Hypnotherapy In the hypnotic state, forgotten traumatic experiences can be revived and repressed emotions can be released, thus achieving the elimination of symptoms. Behavioral therapy Mostly systematic desensitization method is used to train patients gradually and intensively. It is suitable for chronic cases with physical or verbal dysfunction that have failed to respond to suggestion therapy. Other psychotherapies Explanatory psychotherapy can be used to guide patients or family members to correctly evaluate mental stimuli, fully understand the nature of the disease, help them overcome personality defects, strengthen self-exercise, and promote mental and physical health. Physical therapy Acupuncture or electric excitation therapy can be used for dysfunctions such as hysterical paralysis, deafness, blindness, loss of voice or limb twitching, all of which have good effects. Hysteria patients mainly lies in adjusting their own mentality, do not look at everything, do not feel everywhere that the family lies in their own right, do not follow their own, do not manage too much, do not worry too much, do not be overly competitive, do not overly the pursuit of perfection, a balanced mind will not find their own unpleasant, will not suppress themselves, will not produce the emotions to explode, will not develop.