CT and UU infections are not only the main causes of non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis, but also the pathogens with the highest incidence of sexually transmitted diseases. CT and UU cause chronic pelvic inflammatory disease mainly through upstream infection of the genital tract mucosa. Young women are a high-risk group for CT infection, so controlling CT and UU infection is one of the important aspects to reduce the incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease. It has also been reported that CT and UU are susceptible to concomitant gonococcal infections, probably because the environment and pH values in which all three live are close to each other, and all are pathogenic bacteria that attack the mucosa of the genitourinary system. Mycoplasma urealyticum (M. urealyticum) is most closely associated with female reproductive health, causing genitourinary tract infections and is considered to be the second most important pathogen after Chlamydia (50%) in non-gonococcal urethritis. Since 80% of pregnant women have U. urealyticus in their reproductive tract, it can infect the fetus through the placenta and cause premature birth, stillbirth, or infect the newborn during delivery and cause respiratory infections. In addition, Ureaplasma urealyticum can also cause infertility. Mycoplasma urealyticum infection is mainly transmitted through sexual intercourse, mostly in young sexual vigor, especially after unclean intercourse. When inflammation occurs in the genitourinary tract and the mucosal surface is damaged, Mycoplasma urealyticum can easily invade through the breach and cause genitourinary tract infection. Most patients have no obvious symptoms after Mycoplasma urealyticum infection, so it is difficult to be detected by patients, and it is also easy to be missed by doctors. Mycoplasma urealyticum can invade the urethra, cervix and vestibular gland, causing urethritis, cervicitis and vestibular glanditis; when infected upstream, it can cause endometritis, pelvic inflammatory disease and tubitis, especially tubitis. Pathological changes in female reproductive organs caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection are an important cause of infertility. Domestic and foreign data suggest that the culture positivity rate of Mycoplasma urealyticum in cervical mucus and semen of infertile couples is as high as 50% or more, which shows that there is a correlation between Mycoplasma urealyticum infection and infertility. Another cause of poor performance due to Mycoplasma urealyticum infection is miscarriage, and some people have detected positive rates of Mycoplasma urealyticum in tissues from miscarriages of up to 40% or more. Therefore, the possibility of having Mycoplasma urealyticum infection should be considered for unexplained miscarriages, especially in those with multiple miscarriages. Inflammatory adhesions in incompletely obstructed fallopian tubes caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection can narrow the lumen and make it inaccessible, and are also an important cause of ectopic pregnancy. After pregnancy, the increase of progesterone suppresses cellular immunity and decreases the body’s resistance, making it more susceptible to infection by Mycoplasma decidua. Mycoplasma decidua can be transmitted vertically through the placenta or spread upstream from the lower genital tract of the pregnant woman, causing intrauterine infection. During delivery, the fetus is also susceptible to infection when it is delivered through the birth canal. The common ones are neonatal ophthalmia, followed by neonatal respiratory tract infections, and others are otitis media and laryngitis. Measures to prevent and reduce Mycoplasma solani infections: couples should be tested for Mycoplasma solani before preparing for pregnancy, and if there is Mycoplasma solani infection, pregnancy should be cured; secondly, early pregnancy testing, if the test is positive, should be treated in time to avoid damage to the fetus. Pregnant women can take medicines such as memantine and erythromycin, while pregnant women should only be treated with erythromycin. Mycoplasma urealyticum is a disease transmitted through sexual contact, so it is very important for couples to pay attention to sexual hygiene and eliminate impure sex to prevent Mycoplasma urealyticum infection. For the treatment of mycoplasma genitalium infection, it is important to weigh the pros and cons and proceed with caution, not to be too aggressive. The treatment of the spouse or partner of the infected person should be equally prudent, and it is crucial to address the possible coexistence of other STD pathogenic infections. There are many people with mycoplasma infections who have been treated with antibiotics for a long time, but still have positive mycoplasma tests and many new discomforts. The reasons for this are extremely complex, and mycoplasma resistance, testing errors or inadequate reagents, secondary infections (long-term antibiotic users are prone to fungal and other insensitive bacterial infections), and psychological factors may all be present. In general, drugs that are effective for chlamydial infections are also effective for mycoplasma infections. If necessary, tetracyclines (commonly used are tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline), macrolides (commonly used are erythromycin, erythromycin succinate, roxithromycin, azithromycin) and quinolones (commonly used are ofloxacin, levofloxacin) and daikonomycin, clindamycin, clarithromycin, etc. can be used to treat mycoplasma genitalium infections for 1 to 2 weeks. Among them, erythromycin is not effective against human mycoplasma and clindamycin is not effective against Mycoplasma solium. For female pelvic inflammatory disease, its multifactorial nature should be considered and treatment should include antibiotics against gonococci, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma humanum and anaerobic bacteria. The combination regimen of cefoxitin + doxycycline or clarithromycin + gentamicin is recommended abroad. For prostatitis that may be caused by mycoplasma infection, minocycline treatment is appropriate because minocycline can cross the prostate envelope and achieve the drug concentration needed to kill mycoplasma in the prostate. It is worth mentioning that the cause of prostatitis is complex, and the effect of antibiotic treatment is not always good, and it is necessary to use comprehensive therapy, and it is best to listen to the advice of urology experts for treatment. In recent years, the problem of mycoplasma resistance to antibiotics has attracted much attention, and the abuse of antibiotics may be an important factor leading to mycoplasma resistance. It has been reported that the resistant strains of Mycoplasma urealyticum to tetracycline accounted for 10%-20.6%, to doxycycline 8%-27.5%, and to erythromycin 10%-52.4%. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and mycoplasma humanum accounted for nearly 20% of the resistant strains to ofloxacin. In addition, mycoplasmas resistant to roxithromycin and azithromycin have also been reported. Since there is an increasing trend of antibiotic resistance in mycoplasma, clinical attention should be paid to its use. Some experts advocate that in the treatment of mycoplasma infection, in order to reduce or prevent the emergence of drug-resistant strains, it is advisable to use a combination of two to three different types of antibiotics. At the same time, Chinese herbal medicine can also be given as an adjunct to treatment, but no specific herbal medicine has been found for the treatment of mycoplasma. In conclusion, genital tract mycoplasma infection is currently a controversial issue in the medical community. Whether mycoplasma is the cause of diseases such as urethritis, prostatitis and pelvic inflammatory disease has not been confirmed. Mycoplasma genitalium infections are not only found in patients with STDs and people at high risk for STDs, but also in healthy individuals (including infants and children) who are hosts of urogenital mycoplasma. Therefore, mycoplasma genitalium is not always a sexually transmitted disease and does not always require treatment. The treatment of mycoplasma genitalium infection depends on the specific case and should not be rushed or hasty. The patient can have symptoms of urethritis after the mycoplasma infection via the urethra and can develop chronic prostatitis secondary to it. When examining the prostate fluid, a lively, swimming community of microorganisms is visible. Mycoplasma also continues to infect the seminal tract, seminal vesicles and testes, affecting the quality of sperm and semen and causing infertility. Mycoplasma has been observed to cause infertility through the following links Mycoplasma urealyticum interferes with sperm motility: sperm motility is an important function of healthy sperm and is an important indicator of whether sperm can conceive, and there must be a certain speed and frequency of sperm movement. When Mycoplasma infects sperm, it often attaches itself to the head and tail of the sperm, causing the entire sperm to be hung with attachments of varying sizes, resulting in weak sperm swimming and entanglement with each other, leading to infertility. Mycoplasma urealyticum increases sperm deformity: Mycoplasma infection leads to increased sperm deformity is another feature that causes infertility. According to clinical observations, the sperm malformation rate can sometimes be as high as 80% in such infertility patients. Mycoplasma solium destroys spermatogenic cells: The testes have a large number of spermatogenic cells in the varicocele, which develop and reproduce to form sperm. When mycoplasma enters the testicular varicose ducts from the urethra and prostate, it destroys the spermatogenic cells and decreases the quality and quantity of sperm, which in turn leads to infertility. For the treatment of Mycoplasma solium, we usually treat it with a combination of western and traditional Chinese medicine. However, in some patients, the quality and quantity of sperm may be difficult to return to normal for a while after turning negative, in this case, the treatment with Spermopoietin capsules can lead to a faster recovery. A large amount of clinical data proves that Mycoplasma solium is related to infertility, spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, inflammation of the female reproductive tract and other abominable diseases that threaten the basic health of women. According to the data, among the common inflammatory diseases of the female reproductive tract, Mycoplasma solani accounted for 67.6% of non-gonococcal vaginitis, and in cases of cervicitis and vaginitis, the detection rate of Mycoplasma solani was 67%. This indicates that Mycoplasma urealyticum is closely related to inflammatory gynecological diseases. Mycoplasma urealyticum has a close relationship with female infertility. According to the statistics, about 90% of women in infertile couples are infected with Mycoplasma urealyticum, while only 22% of normal women can be detected with Mycoplasma urealyticum. Mycoplasma urealyticum infection often leads to inflammation of the reproductive tract, resulting in necrosis of mucosal cells, loss of cilia in the fallopian tubes, and inhibition of fertilized egg movement. In addition, Mycoplasma solium infection also shares antigens with sperm membranes, and once infected, it may lead to immune infertility. In infertility, the prevalence of Mycoplasma urealyticum infection ranges from 55.2% to 80%. It is important to note that there are many pregnant women who are infected with Mycoplasma decidua, with up to 80% reported in foreign countries and 55.12% in China, which is a problem worthy of attention. This is because the infection of Mycoplasma solium at this time is not only dangerous to the health of the mother, but also to the survival of the fetus. According to clinical observation, once infected with Mycoplasma solani, it is easy to occur low birth weight babies, neonatal respiratory infections, central nervous system infections, fetal death and other serious consequences. It should attract sufficient attention. Chlamydia trachomatis is a pathogen that lives in the body for a long time and is widely spread, and is a conditional pathogen. It can cause cervical infection, premature birth, miscarriage and urinary tract infections and other diseases under certain conditions, especially when co-infected with other pathogens such as gonococci, more serious disease development and other complications, in the asymptomatic cervix and male and female urinary system often have the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis, its detection rate varies. After infection, Chlamydia first invades the columnar epithelial cells and grows and multiplies inside the cells, and then enters the cells of the mononuclear macrophage system to proliferate. The intracellular multiplication of Chlamydia leads to the death of the infected cells, while still evading the host immune defenses and obtaining intermittent protection. The pathogenic mechanism of Chlamydia is the inhibition of infected cell metabolism, lysis destruction of cells and leads to the release of lysozyme, cytotoxic effect of metabolites, causing metamorphosis and autoimmunity. Chlamydial urethritis in men, also known as non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU). It is a non-acute purulent inflammatory lesion of the urethral mucosa caused by chlamydial infection. The incubation period of the disease is longer than that of gonorrhea, about 1-3 weeks or several months, mainly manifested as discomfort, stinging and burning sensation in the urethra, and accompanied by varying degrees of urinary frequency, urinary urgency and pain, urinary pain is less than gonorrhea. The urethral orifice is mildly red and swollen and there is plasma or mucopurulent discharge, which is thin and small in amount. Chlamydia trachomatis infection is easily complicated by epididymitis, manifested by swelling, hardening and tenderness of the epididymis, mostly unilateral, and some patients have elevated anti-chlamydia antibodies. Sexual dysfunction may be present, and the prostate may be palpable on rectal microscopy with pressure pain. If the prostate is significantly enlarged, it can compress the posterior urethra and cause thinning of the urine stream, weakness of urination and interruption of the urine stream. Chlamydia infection in women is not limited to the urethra, but can involve the entire genitourinary organs. Such infections are often neglected due to the lack of conscious symptoms or mild symptoms, causing the spread of the infection and creating harm. Chlamydia infection in women causes more symptoms than infection in men, and its main site of infection is the cervix, and its sequelae mostly lead to infertility. Examination 1, Chlamydia cell culture: sensitive cell lines for Chlamydia trachomatis are McCoy cells, Hela-229 cells and BHK cells, the most commonly used are monolayer McCoy cells treated with actinomycin, incubated and stained with monoclonal fluorescent antibodies for rapid diagnosis, but the operator must be skilled and requires professional culture. The sensitivity of the culture method is 80%-90%, and a positive result can establish the diagnosis. 2, in recent years, the use of fluorescein-labeled anti-chlamydial monoclonal antibodies to detect chlamydia in cell smears, the use of more convenient, at present, mainly with chlamydial outer membrane protein (MOMP) monoclonal antibody commercial reagents. Judgment of results: the number of chlamydia > 10 to be judged as positive. Treatment The first choice is azithromycin 250mg once daily for 7 days, or doxycycline 100mg twice daily for 7 days. Cotrimoxazole is also effective. In addition, in recent years the newly developed new drugs quinolones widely used in various fields of infection, in the treatment of chlamydia clinical effect is better, which commonly used drugs are ofloxacin (OFIX), ciprofloxacin (CPFX), lomefloxacin, rifampin treatment effect is also better.