Dyspnea (respiratory distress) is an important manifestation of respiratory insufficiency, in which the patient subjectively feels that there is not enough air, and objectively shows effort to breathe, with heavy nasal flapping, cyanosis, telescopic breathing, and changes in respiratory frequency, depth and rhythm. The causes of the disease include: 1. upper respiratory tract diseases abscess of the posterior pharyngeal wall, enlarged tonsils, foreign body in the larynx, laryngeal edema, laryngeal cancer, etc. 2.Bronchial diseases Stenosis and obstruction due to bronchitis, bronchial asthma, bronchial dilatation, bronchial foreign bodies and tumors, etc. 3.Pulmonary diseases Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) various types of pneumonia, tuberculosis, pulmonary stasis, atelectasis, pulmonary edema, pulmonary cysts, pulmonary infarction, lung cancer, nodular disease, pulmonary fibrosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), etc. 4.Pleural disease Spontaneous pneumothorax, massive pleural effusion, severe pleural adhesion thickening, pleural mesenchymal tumor, etc. 5, chest wall diseases thoracic deformity, chest wall inflammation, tuberculosis, trauma, rib fracture, rheumatoid spondylitis, chest wall respiratory muscle paralysis, scleroderma, myasthenia gravis, excessive obesity, etc. 6. Mediastinal diseases Mediastinal inflammation, emphysema, hernia, aortic aneurysm, lymphoma, teratoma, intrathoracic thyroid adenoma, thymoma, etc. Main types According to the main pathogenesis, dyspnea can be divided into the following six types 1, pulmonary dyspnea caused by respiratory organ lesions, mainly manifested in the following three forms: (1) inspiratory dyspnea: manifested as wheezing, sternal, supraclavicular fossa and intercostal space depression during inspiration – triple concave sign. It is commonly associated with laryngeal and tracheal stenosis, such as inflammation, edema, foreign bodies and tumors. (2) Expiratory dyspnea: prolonged expiratory phase with croup, seen in bronchial asthma and obstructive lung disease. (3) Mixed dyspnea: seen in pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis, massive pleural effusion, pneumothorax, etc. 2, cardiogenic dyspnea Commonly seen in cardiogenic pulmonary edema due to left heart insufficiency, its clinical features: (1) The patient has a history of severe heart disease. (2) Mixed dyspnea, which is obvious in the prone position and at night. (3) Moderate and small wet gong sounds may be present at the base of the lungs and vary with body position. (4) X-ray examination: abnormal changes in cardiac shadow; congestion in and around the hilum or both signs of pulmonary edema. 3, toxic dyspnea various causes of acidosis, can make the blood carbon dioxide rise, pH lower, stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors or directly excite the respiratory center, increase respiratory ventilation, manifested as deep and large dyspnea; respiratory depressants such as morphine, barbiturates and other poisoning, can also inhibit the respiratory center, so that shallow and slow breathing. 4, hematogenous dyspnea severe anemia can cause shortness of breath due to a decrease in red blood cells and insufficient oxygen, especially after activity; hemorrhage or shock due to ischemia and blood pressure drop, stimulating the respiratory center and causing dyspnea. 5, neuropsychiatric and myopathic dyspnea Serious brain diseases such as encephalitis, cerebrovascular accidents, brain tumors, etc. directly involve the respiratory center, appearing abnormal respiratory rhythm, resulting in dyspnea; severe myasthenia gravis causes respiratory muscle paralysis, resulting in severe dyspnea; in addition, hysteria can also have episodes of dyspnea, which is characterized by significant frequent and superficial breathing, due to respiratory alkalosis is often accompanied by hand and foot convulsions. . 6, flatulence due to gastric expansion against the diaphragm to make the chest cavity smaller so that breathing difficulties chest tightness is a subjective feeling, that is, the effort to breathe or not enough gas. The lighter ones are as if nothing happened, the heavier ones feel uncomfortable and seem to be pressed against the chest by a stone, and even respiratory distress occurs. It may be a functional manifestation of body organs or one of the earliest symptoms of diseases occurring in the body. The cause of chest tightness is different for people of different ages, and its treatment is different, as are the consequences.