Hemoptysis (hemoptysis) is bleeding from the respiratory organs below the larynx that is discharged from the mouth by coughing action Hemoptysis must first be differentiated from oral, pharyngeal, and nasal bleeding Oral and pharyngeal bleeding are easily observed as localized foci of bleeding. Nasal bleeding mostly comes from the anterior nostrils, and it is often easier to diagnose the bleeding foci found in the lower part of the anterior nasal septum. Sometimes the bleeding from the posterior part of the nasal cavity is large and can be misdiagnosed as hemoptysis. The diagnosis can be confirmed if blood is seen to flow down the pharyngeal wall from the posterior nostril by nasopharyngoscopy. The former often has a history of tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, lung cancer, heart disease, etc. Before bleeding, there is a cough, throat itching and chest tightness, and the blood is bright red, mixed with foamy sputum, usually without tarry stools; the latter often has a history of peptic ulcer, cirrhosis, etc. Before bleeding, there is upper abdominal discomfort, nausea and vomiting, etc. The blood is brown-black or dark red, sometimes bright red, mixed with food residue and gastric juice. It is mixed with food residue and gastric juice and has tarry stools, which may persist for several days after the vomiting has stopped. There are different definitions for estimating the amount of hemoptysis. Large hemoptysis usually refers to hemoptysis of more than 600-800 ml or more than 300 ml per hemoptysis in 24 h. Small hemoptysis refers to hemoptysis of less than 100 ml per hemoptysis; moderate hemoptysis refers to hemoptysis of 100-300 ml per hemoptysis. Clinical manifestations: 1. Chronic bronchitis, bronchopulmonary cancer (manifested by persistent or intermittent blood in the sputum) 2. Hemoptysis: small hemoptysis: daily hemoptysis of 100 ml or less; moderate hemoptysis: daily hemoptysis of 100-500 ml; large hemoptysis: daily hemoptysis of 500 ml or more, or one hemoptysis of 300-500 ml. See tuberculosis cavity, bronchiectasis and chronic pulmonary abscess (see also tuberculosis cavity, bronchiectasis). The hemoptysis is caused by the erosion and rupture of blood vessels. 3. Signs: Detailed examination of the lungs should be performed. When chest x-ray is not yet available, percussion can be used to clarify the site of hemorrhage as early as possible. If hemoptysis begins with decreased breath sounds or (and) rales in one lung and good breath sounds in the contralateral lung field, this often suggests that the hemorrhage is on that side. Physical examination can also support some specific diagnosis, such as mitral valve diastolic murmur is good for the diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease; the presence of wheezing sounds in restricted lung and bronchial sites often indicates endobronchial lesions, such as lung cancer or foreign body; vascular murmur in the lung field supports arteriovenous malformation; pestle finger is mostly seen in lung cancer, bronchiectasis and lung abscess; enlarged supraclavicular and anterior oblique muscle lymph nodes support metastatic cancer. Examination: 1. Routine blood and urine examination, examination about coagulation mechanism, intra-sputum antacid bacilli, tumor cells, pulmonary aspiration early eggs, sputum common culture and fungal culture, etc. are of great help to clarify the etiology of hemoptysis. 2.X-ray examination: Chest X-ray fluoroscopy should be performed for each hemoptysis, and posterior anterior and lateral chest photography, resting layer and CT photography should be performed if necessary. 3.Bronchoscopy. 4.Electrocardiogram.