1.Non-specific (non-specific) preventive measures
(1) Prevention of sexual transmission
Since sexual transmission is the main way of HIV transmission, it is the simplest and most effective measure to prevent HIV infection by having a correct understanding of HIV, being clean and not having sexual misconduct. If one of the spouses is infected with HIV, safe sex and the use of condoms are recommended. Condoms are a very effective measure to prevent HIV. After the promotion of condom use, the HIV infection rate of pregnant women in Uganda dropped from 21% in 1990~1993 to 15% in 1995, and the HIV infection rate of Thai military personnel was 3.7%, which dropped to 2.4% in 1995.
(2) Prevention of blood transmission
①Blood for blood transfusion should be tested for HIV antibodies.
②Drug abuse and drug trafficking are strictly prohibited.
③Hospitals and epidemic prevention departments should use disposable syringes or strictly sterilize syringes as much as possible. Needles used for acupuncture treatment must also be strictly sterilized. Medical workers should pay attention to avoid accidents such as trauma and needle-stick injuries, and avoid direct contact with patients’ blood and secretions.
(3) Prevention of mother-to-child transmission.
Women infected with AIDS should not get pregnant. In recent years, clinical practice has found that the drug diazidothymidine, which is given to pregnant women 3 months before delivery for the treatment of AIDS, can prevent 70% of babies born to mothers with HIV from being infected with HIV.
2.Targeted (specific) preventive measures
Planting cowpox can make smallpox “extinct”, inoculate the occurrence of crested poliomyelitis. These are all targeted preventions. However, because AIDS is prone to mutation, even in the same patient, the virus isolated three times in six months are not the same. One vaccine can only protect against one virus, and it cannot control the “ever-changing” virus, so it is difficult to obtain a vaccine with eradication.
Is it possible to develop an effective vaccine? The following facts show that it is possible to develop an effective vaccine.
(1) A small number of prostitutes who have frequent sexual contact with HIV-infected persons have been found to have neither antibodies nor the virus, but specific cellular immunity has been found, proving that they have been infected and cleared of the virus.
(2) Persons infected with HIV-2 may be resistant to HIV-1 HIV.
(3) Those with long-term (more than 10 years) survival of HIV infection.
(4) A small number of children are infected with HIV at birth, but they are later able to clear the virus on their own.
(5) Artificially mutated monkeys infected with HIV (SIV) are able to protect themselves from attacks by strong strains of SIV.
3, HIV-infected people should avoid HIV retransmission
(1) People who have been infected with HIV should dare to face the reality that infected people will not immediately develop and die, therefore, patients should not be pessimistic and disappointed, or even despair. There is already a ray of hope for the treatment of HIV.
(2) It is important to avoid HIV reinfection and fly possible to avoid various other infections such as bacteria, viruses, molds, etc., because many microorganisms can activate the HIV in the latent body.
(3) To avoid transmitting the virus to others. Condoms should be used to have sexual intercourse. Do not donate blood. Do not get pregnant. Pregnant women who are HIV-positive should abort their pregnancy. Do not share syringes, razors, razors, toothbrushes, etc. with others. Disinfect items contaminated with blood, semen and other secretions in a timely and careful manner.
(4) You should stop smoking, drinking and drug addiction. Lead a healthy and regular life. Go to the hospital regularly for necessary checkups.
4.Disinfection of HIV contaminants
AIDS can be easily killed, but once it enters the human body, it cannot be helped. Therefore, disinfection should be strictly controlled.
HIV-infected people or AIDS patients usually do not discharge the virus, so there is no need for special disinfection of their surrounding objects or environment. However, when the items are contaminated by their blood or body fluids, they should be carefully disinfected.
(1) Pharmaceutical disinfection
Sodium hypochlorite is commonly used as a chlorine-containing disinfectant. Other chlorine-containing disinfectants can also be used. Disinfectants containing 500~5000/ppm of active chlorine can be used for 10~30 minutes for general disinfection purposes, while solutions containing 10000/ppm of active chlorine can be used in the case of blood and body fluids of patients.
Iodophor disinfectant can be used to disinfect the surface of articles. A solution containing 50~150/ppm of active iodine can be used for 10~30 minutes.
75% ethanol (alcohol) can be used for hand disinfection for 10 minutes.
Glutaraldehyde is mostly used for the disinfection of medical devices.
(2) Thermal disinfection
HIV is sensitive to dryness and heat. 30 minutes of action at 56 degrees Celsius or 20 minutes at 100 degrees Celsius (e.g. boiling) can destroy HIV.
5.Prevention of families of HIV-infected people and patients
Having HIV-infected or AIDS patients in the family will undoubtedly bring a lot of inconvenience to the family. Understanding, sympathizing, helping, and actively taking some possible psychological pain can also help to ease the conflicts within the family.
A survey report from a hospital in the United States confirmed that no examples of HIV infection were found in family members who were infected as a result of living with a person with AIDS, but without sexual intercourse. Similar reports have emphasized the safety of living, studying, working, dining, and socializing with patients.
In general, it is said that hospitalization is not necessary when a person with HIV is not co-infected with other infections. HIV-infected individuals also do not need to be hospitalized if they are not unwell. However, there are some necessary precautions to be taken to ensure safety and to prevent family members from being infected.
(1) Do not have sexual contact with HIV patients or infected persons. Couples should use condoms to avoid sexual intercourse.
(2) Items contaminated by secretions, excretions, blood, etc. of AIDS patients or infected persons should be disinfected.
(3) It is better not to take care of patients or infected people when there are trauma and skin diseases (including warm rash, dermatitis, etc.) on hands. If it is really necessary to touch the items contaminated with their their secretions, excretions, etc. wear rubber gloves, and disinfect the contaminated parts promptly when direct contact occurs.
(4) Do not mix the clothes of patients or infected persons with those of their families and wash them separately. Clothes contaminated with blood or excrement should be disinfected first and then washed.
(5) Those who have sexual contact with the patient or infected person should go to the hospital regularly for clinical and serological examination.
(6) Patients and infected persons who appear to be mentally disturbed, unable to maintain environmental hygiene, or refuse to cooperate with family members should be sent to hospital for treatment.