It accounts for about 1/3 of all head and neck tumors and has the highest incidence among endocrine organ cancers. The incidence of thyroid cancer has increased significantly in recent years, and there is a clear tendency for its development – the age of onset is mainly young adults aged 20 to 40; the incidence is significantly more in women than in men, and the incidence is about three times higher in women than in men; the incidence is higher in residents of the mainland and coastal areas. The reason for this obvious morbidity characteristic of thyroid cancer is related to the physiological functions undertaken by the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is an important endocrine organ of the human body, undertaking the role of iodine uptake and storage, synthesis and secretion of thyroxine. Medical research has found that female hormones, including estrogen and progesterone, are likely to be involved in the occurrence and development of thyroid cancer. The higher the level of female hormones in the body, the more they contribute to the development of thyroid cancer. Women have more female hormones in their bodies than men, and women between the ages of 20 and 40 are at the peak of their lives and have the highest levels of female hormones in their bodies throughout their lives, so most thyroid cancer patients are women in this age group. Thyroid cancer in children is related to radiation. Studies have also found that the occurrence of thyroid cancer is closely related to the level of iodine intake. In iodine-deficient areas, there is a high incidence of macrosomia, a long-term condition that may turn malignant into thyroid cancer. Contrary to iodine deficiency, excessive iodine intake can also cause cancer. In addition, mental factors have a greater impact on the endocrine organs, so maintaining an optimistic mood can also help prevent thyroid cancer. It is not uncommon to see thyroid cancer in children aged 7 to 10 years old. This is mainly related to exposure to radiation such as X-rays. Radiation exposure has been studied and proven to be a definite factor in causing thyroid cancer. The risk of thyroid cancer decreases with increasing age of exposure to radiation, and the younger the age of exposure, the greater the risk of developing the disease. Thickening of the neck is the earliest manifestation of thyroid cancer, such as a thickening of the neck or a lump in the front of the neck. This is the first symptom in about 70% of patients. In children, nearly 50% of the cases are thyroid cancer and should be alerted to the presence of thyroid lumps. Unfortunately, many patients who develop these symptoms think that they have gained weight and ignore them, which makes the condition worse. When the cancer tumor develops to a certain extent and compresses the nerves and trachea, patients will experience hoarseness, difficulty in swallowing and breathing, etc. Some of them may also experience diarrhea, facial flushing and sweating, asthma, headache, etc. Regular checkups are more helpful to detect cancer at an early stage than finding signs and then consulting a doctor. Many early stage patients are clinically detected during physical examinations. Therefore, people over 20 years of age, especially women, those with a family history of thyroid cancer and those living in coastal areas with a high incidence of thyroid cancer, should ensure at least an annual checkup. In addition, benign tumors such as iodine-deficient goiter, hyperthyroidism and thyroid nodules may also become cancerous, therefore, patients with these diseases should cooperate with doctors for active treatment and regular checkups. Most thyroid cancers have low malignancy, slow progression and ideal treatment effect, and the earlier the treatment, the better the effect. Generally speaking, with radical surgery, the 5-year survival rate of thyroid cancer patients can exceed 95% and the 10-year survival rate can be nearly 90%. Even patients with advanced thyroid cancer do not need to be pessimistic, as long as they are treated actively, they have more chances to achieve long-term survival.