The effects of prematurity on the pediatric population are as follows: 1. Because of the poor thermoregulatory function and immaturity of the respiratory center, preterm infants are prone to respiratory dysfunction, manifested as shallow breathing, irregular respiratory rhythm, apnea, skin bruising, and may lead to cerebral hypoxia; 2. Preterm infants have poor swallowing and digestive function, prone to vomiting, vomiting, choking causing aspiration pneumonia and aggravating hypoxia; 3. 3, preterm infants with imperfect liver function, lack of enzymes and proteins to effectively reduce jaundice, so that jaundice can not quickly subside appear hyperbilirubinemia; 4, poor coagulation function, coupled with hypoxia may easily lead to intracranial hemorrhage, apnea, aspiration pneumonia, hyperbilirubinemia, intracranial hemorrhage and other serious diseases, resulting in premature infants with brain cell hypoxia, necrosis, affecting the intellectual development of the child; 5, easy to cause hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia cause convulsions, resulting in brain cell damage, causing brain development disorders and mental retardation. Therefore, preterm birth can cause a series of adverse consequences, but with the development of medical technology, neonatal diagnosis and treatment technology continues to improve, the complications or sequelae of preterm infants are slowly reduced, and the rate of disability and injury is also decreasing.