Tuberculosis is a disease in which Mycobacterium tuberculosis invades the body through the respiratory or digestive tracts, first forming primary foci in the lungs or digestive tracts, and then the tubercle bacilli enter the lymphatic vessels or blood vessels from the primary foci and spread to all organs of the body, especially the reticuloendothelial system including the bones and joints. Most of the disseminated foci are destroyed by phagocytes, while a very small number of disseminated foci are latent and once the body’s resistance decreases, the TB bacilli in the latent foci multiply and break through the surrounding tissues and develop. Bone and joint tuberculosis is most prevalent in adolescents and is usually solitary. It occurs in the spine, followed by the knee, hip and elbow joints. The onset of the disease is slow and may include afternoon fever, pain, pressure, percussion and muscle spasm in the affected area, and limited joint movement. At a later stage, non-red, non-heated abscesses are formed, called cold abscesses; after the abscesses break down, sinus tracts are easily formed, and joint ankylosis may occur secondary to mixed infections. In the active phase of the lesion, the blood sedimentation is increased, the white blood cell classification is medium, and the lymphocytes are increased. Mycobacterium tuberculosis may be found in the pus. Pathological examination helps to confirm the diagnosis. Bone and joint tuberculosis can lead to osteoporosis and bone destruction, and later can cause deformity and compression of the spinal cord leading to paraplegia. The key to the treatment of osteoarticular tuberculosis is early diagnosis and treatment, including systemic and local treatment. Systemic treatment consists of two major components: on the one hand, systemic symptomatic support treatment, including rest and nutrition, and on the other hand, the application of anti-tuberculosis drugs. Local treatment also includes two major aspects: on the one hand, local braking and local abscess puncture and drainage and injection of anti-tuberculosis drugs; on the other hand, lesion removal, including arthrocentesis, joint fixation and spinal tuberculosis lesion removal, deformity correction, spinal canal decompression, bone graft fusion and internal fixation surgery. The vast majority of osteoarticular tuberculosis can be completely cured with the above treatments.