Liver cirrhosis is caused by hepatitis B in China and most Asian countries, and most of them are caused by hepatitis C and long-term alcohol consumption in western countries. In recent years, with the improvement of the living standard of our people, the proportion of hepatitis C cirrhosis and alcohol cirrhosis has increased. In addition to the above common causes, some are caused by rare causes (such as hepatitis E, schistosomiasis, biliary cirrhosis, etc.), and some have unknown causes. The pathological change after cirrhosis is the obstruction of portal blood flow and blood stasis leading to the increase of pressure in the portal venous system, which leads to portal hypertension. The main manifestations of portal hypertension are: 1. ascites: the main cause is the increase of capillary filtration pressure in the portal venous system and liver function impairment caused The main reason is the increase of capillary filtration pressure in the portal system and the hypoproteinemia caused by liver function damage. 2. Splenomegaly: The splenomegaly is caused by the obstruction of blood flow in the splenic vein, resulting in hypersplenism, which is manifested by thrombocytopenia, low white blood cells and decreased red blood cells. 3.Esophagogastric fundic varices: just like a river whose water flow is obstructed, the water must flow downward from both sides in another way. However, if there is the first bleeding, there will certainly be the second, third and other successive bleeding, and the interval will be shorter and shorter. 4.Some patients may also develop hepatic coma (i.e. hepatic encephalopathy) because of poor liver function. 5. On the basis of cirrhosis, many patients transform into hepatocellular carcinoma, i.e. “hepatitis → cirrhosis → hepatocellular carcinoma”. Treatment: In the absence of liver cancer, the treatment is divided into two main parts, the first one is to treat the cause: liver transplantation. Liver transplantation can remove the diseased liver and remove the portal hypertension, thus perfectly solving the complications attached to it. The second type of treatment is for complications: splenectomy + portal vein dissection or bypass. This type of treatment is a symptomatic but not a curative measure, chosen mainly to prevent the serious consequences of complications.