Bone discontinuity and femoral head necrosis is one of the common and difficult to treat diseases in orthopedic clinics, and there is still no effective treatment method. In 1994, the Department of Orthopedics of the Armed Police General Hospital, under the leadership of Director Xing Changyan, was the first to carry out extracorporeal shock wave therapy in China. After more than ten years of dedicated research and clinical observation, the use of extracorporeal shock wave therapy to treat the above two diseases has achieved satisfactory results. In recent years, we have combined autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation (a minimally invasive surgery) with extracorporeal shock wave therapy to treat osteochondrosis, delayed bone healing and femoral head necrosis, and have achieved even more remarkable clinical results. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells are fibroblasts with osteogenic potential present in the bone marrow. Studies have shown that these cells have a multidirectional potential and can differentiate into mesenchymal cells of mesenchymal origin such as osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes and myoblasts, hence the name bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The combination of extracorporeal shock wave therapy and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for the treatment of osteointegration and delayed bone healing is based on the transplantation of autologous bone marrow stem cells in addition to extracorporeal shock wave therapy. The healing time of the healed cases during the follow-up period showed that the combined stem cell transplantation group was significantly higher than the extracorporeal shock wave therapy group alone, with an average healing rate of 88.2%; this indicates that stem cell transplantation plays an important role in the healing process of bone disjunction. Combined stem cell transplantation improved the healing rate of bone nonunion and shortened the time of bone repair and healing, with obvious efficacy. The treatment of ischemic femoral head necrosis is based on the implantation of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on the basis of medullary core decompression after shock wave treatment, which can provide seed cells for femoral head repair and reconstruction while improving the pathological state of bone microcirculation disorder and intraosseous hypertension. The follow-up showed that the patients who received this therapy had relief of hip pain, gradual recovery of limb function, and significant increase in hip score. The minimally invasive incision does not damage the residual blood supply to the femoral head because it does not destroy the joint structure, does not prevent the implementation of other treatments, and creates a good environment for new bone production to replace dead bone. Extracorporeal shock wave combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation therapy improved the clinical cure rate of osteonecrosis and shortened the healing time of bone repair, with significant differences compared with ESWT treatment alone (P<0.01); it also had significant efficacy in all stages of ARCO cases (P<0.01), and the degree of improvement of femoral head necrosis in ARCO-stage II and III patients after combined treatment was higher than ESWT treatment group alone, with a significant difference (P<0.05), while there was no difference between ARCO-stage I cases (P>0.05). The change in Harris score before and after combined treatment was significant (P<0.01), and the HHS was significantly higher at 3 months, indicating earlier and faster repair of femoral head necrosis after autologous stem cell transplantation; the difference was significant (P<0.01) compared with the efficacy of cases in the ESWT-only group, suggesting that combined treatment was superior to ESWT-only and that autologous stem cell transplantation was effective. Bone defect repair has always been one of the challenges in the surgical world, and often requires the use of bone grafting to treat it. The materials used for bone grafting are autologous bone, allogeneic bone and artificial bone, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. With the rise of tissue engineering, the in-depth study of tissue-engineered bone is becoming a trend in bone defect repair. "Bone tissue engineering requires seed cells with strong proliferation ability and good osteogenic function. Due to the limited source of bone tissue, periosteum and early embryo, the osteogenic properties and mechanism of extra-osseous tissue are not fully understood, so it is difficult to be a promising source of seed cells, while adult bone marrow has sufficient source, easy access to material, no immune rejection of autologous cell transplantation, and definite osteogenic ability. The study by Bruder et al. on the osteogenic ability of BMSCs in vitro showed that they still have multi-directional differentiation potential even after 40 generations of continuous expansion, and they still have multi-directional differentiation potential after 15 times of culture after freezing and recovery, so it is expected that BMSCs can be used as seed cells to combine with biological materials to build tissue-engineered bone and become the preferred source of seed cells for bone tissue engineering. If the immune rejection problem is solved, BMSCs are more promising as bone tissue engineering seed cells". However, the number of BMSCs with osteogenic capacity in adult bone marrow is scarce, accounting for only one hundred thousandth of individual nucleated cells, and the effective concentration cannot be maintained locally, thus the osteogenic efficiency is not high while adult BMSCs are cultured in vitro to induce differentiation into osteoblasts and massive expansion, while still maintaining the The biological properties of osteoblasts can undoubtedly improve the efficacy of bone defects and bone nonunion. However, there are still many questions to be investigated on how to establish an ideal method for the isolation and culture of BMSCs and to enable their rapid and massive conversion to osteoblasts.