Myopia is a common problem for modern mankind. So far, we have clarified the optical principle of myopia, which is that parallel light passes through the refractive medium of the eye in a relaxed state and focuses on the front of the retina. However, the mechanism of myopia is still unclear, and there are many different ways to analyze it, so there are different ways to prevent myopia and stop its development. Some people believe that myopia is caused by over-regulation of the ciliary muscle, so myopia can be prevented or reduced by relaxation of the regulation; others believe that myopia is caused by the excessive anterior and posterior diameter of the eye axis, so the lengthening of the eye axis can be prevented by surgical methods such as posterior scleral reinforcement to control the development of myopia; others believe that myopia is mainly due to over-curvature of the cornea, so myopia can be changed by PRK, LASIK or Othor-K. -Others believe that myopia is mainly due to corneal curvature, and therefore the corneal curvature can be changed by PRK, LASIK or Othor. In this article, we review the different methods that have been used in recent years to try to control the growth of myopia in order to understand the current dynamics of research on the occurrence and development of myopia and the future outlook. I. Low Correction Half a century ago in Europe and the Americas, and currently in some parts of China, ophthalmologists and optometrists recommended the use of low correction to control the increase in myopia, typically in the amount of O.5O-O.75 D. This method was clinically tested in a school in the United States, and the results were that the teachers at this school were strongly opposed to the use of low correction by the students for the following reasons These low-correction students were unable to read the teacher’s board, and it did not take long for the myopia to get worse. Soon after, many researchers also did a comparative study and found that low correction did not stop the increase in myopia. A teacher once hung a Snellon vision chart in the classroom and asked students to read at least one gray a day in their respective positions, and to read separately with both eyes and until the smallest view mark they could recognize. The results found that the prevalence of myopia among the students in the school dropped from 6% to 1%, but there were no scientific statistics throughout the experiment to confirm that the visual acuity exercises had a stopping effect on the development of myopia. Third, bifocal glasses Many researchers believe that over-regulation is the main cause of myopia, so many people engaged in the study of bifocal lenses, but the results are also inconsistent. In 1959, an optometrist named Mandell did clinical tests in which he fitted 50 myopes with bifocal lenses and 116 myopes with monofocal lenses, and the results were that bifocal glasses had no inhibitory effect on the development of myopia. However, because his experimental and control groups could not be matched in terms of age, sex, and myopia, his conclusions were not endorsed by later generations. In 1967, Roberts et al. conducted a similar experiment and concluded that wearing bifocal glasses could stop myopia by about 0.09 D/year. Although this result was statistically significant, however, the amount of myopia stopped by this method was so small that even after five years of continuous wearing of bifocal lenses, it could only stop the development of myopia by about 0.50 D and lacked clinical value. In 1967, Grosvenor et al. of the University of Houston conducted a clinical study in which children of comparable age, sex, and myopia were randomly divided into three groups and fitted with single-focus lenses, plus +1.OOD bifocal lenses, and plus +2.OOD bifocal lenses, and found that myopia growth in all three groups was about O.33D/year. However, bifocal lenses had a significant corrective effect on patients with internal strabismus. Since some optometrists believe that accommodation is the main cause of myopia, ciliary muscle paralytics are used in many normal people to reduce accommodation. Due to the loss of regulation in the eye after the medication, patients are unable to do close work and have to use bifocal lenses as a solution. Some patients with low myopia also take off their glasses for close reading. Although bifocal glasses can take into account both near and far vision markers, they are unable to see mid-distance vision markers, and thus produce disadvantages such as the phenomenon of shadow jumping. In addition, many patients experience photophobia and are unable to participate in outdoor activities, and atropine drugs can cause toxic reactions in some patients. Although a lot of literature points out that ciliary muscle paralyzing agents have a certain inhibitory effect on the development of myopia, due to the many disadvantages mentioned above, this method has not been promoted in clinical practice. Some people believe that intraocular pressure increases when the human eye adjusts and looks closer, so some people began to try to use the antihypertensive agent pilocarpine to inhibit the development of myopia. One of the more notable trials is that of Goldschmidt et al. and Jensen et al. The former concluded that twice-daily drops of IOP-lowering medication reduced myopia along with IOP. However, the latter concluded that there was no significant association between IOP reduction and myopia development. The first person to discover that contact lenses could stop the growth of myopia was Frank Dickinson, who gave his daughter rigid contact lenses and, to his surprise, found that her refractive error did not change after a few years. Soon after, similar reports were made by Robert Morrison, Jack Neill and John Nolan. Of course, these single case reports do not tell the whole story, but they have given many practitioners the insight as to whether rigid lenses have a role in controlling myopia growth. This necessitates the establishment of a better research protocol and scientific methodology whenever possible. In the 1950s, Robert Morrison fitted 1021 myopic patients with these hard lenses and found no increase in myopia in all cases. He believed that the main reason why rigid lenses prevented myopia growth was because of the flattening of the corneal curvature, and possibly because they affected the physiological metabolism of the cornea. In the 1970s, Janet stone and her colleagues conducted a similar clinical study in the United Kingdom using these rigid lenses. They followed 84 myopic children with rigid lenses and 40 children with frames for five years and concluded that rigid lenses may modify the anterior curvature of the cornea, flattening it, and that part of the effect may be that the rigid lenses prevent the lengthening of the eye axis, but she did not indicate why rigid lenses would prevent the lengthening of the eye axis. In the late 1980s, gas permeable rigid contact lenses (RGPs) began to be used in studies to stop myopic growth. Grosvenor clearly stated the belief that RGPs did more to stop the lengthening of the eye axis than flattening the cornea. Current research has evolved to analyze why RGP stops myopia growth, with researchers looking at the optical quality of the lens, the contrast sensitivity of the eye and the quality of vision, respectively. Othor-K lenses are another type of contact lens that stops the progression of myopia. Unlike RGP, Othor-K lenses have a flatter base arc than the central corneal curvature, and the center of the inner surface of the lens contacts the cornea and continuously compresses and massages the cornea, thus changing its shape. -K technology requires a high level of doctor, if the fitting is not proper, it can cause cone cornea, oblique astigmatism, and even complications such as corneal edema. The current blind promotion of this technique in China is bound to bring adverse consequences to many myopic patients. Seven, surgical methods Myopia surgery are RK, PRK and LASIK, etc. These methods effectively reduce myopia, but children with myopia in a continuous state of development cannot undergo such surgeries; in addition, such surgeries cannot stop the lengthening of the eye axis, but only change the curvature of the central part of the cornea. There are studies on myopia from oculomotor parameters, and it is believed that regulation, convergence, AC/A and dark focus are related to the development of myopia, and this research is gradually progressing, and in the near future, some connection may be found between oculomotor parameters and myopia. There are also studies on the quality of eye imaging, mostly from the point of view of defocus, and there are now many meaningful animal models supporting this research. The study of neural mechanisms is also a current favorite, and many neurophysiologists look forward to exploring the mechanisms of myopia onset and development from the anatomical and physiological perspectives of the brain nerves.