The liver fluke refers to Toxoplasma gondii, which is parasitic in freshwater fish such as grass carp, black carp, silver carp, bighead carp, pangasius, carp, bream and crucian carp, etc. The thick-walled larvae are more resistant to the outside world. After ingestion, the parasites live in the bile ducts of humans, causing inflammatory reactions in the lining of the bile ducts and around the bile ducts. In severe infection, fibrous tissue hyperplasia and atrophy of hepatocytes can occur around the portal area, even forming biliary cirrhosis. Cholangitis, cholecystitis or obstructive jaundice may occur due to thickening of the bile duct wall, relative narrowing of the lumen and blockage of the bile duct by worms. Due to poor bile flow, bacterial infections are often easily combined. There are many complications and comorbidities of schistosomiasis, and the more common ones include acute cholecystitis, chronic cholangitis, cholecystitis, gallstones, and hepatobiliary obstruction. The adult worms are occasionally parasitized in the pancreatic ducts, causing pancreatic ductitis and pancreatitis. The infection of Schistosoma chinensis can cause bile duct epithelial cell proliferation and carcinogenesis. Clinical manifestations In mild infection, there are no clinical symptoms or no obvious clinical symptoms. In severe infection, the main manifestations in the acute phase are allergic reaction and gastrointestinal discomfort, including fever, stomach pain, abdominal distension, loss of appetite, weakness of the limbs, pain in the liver area, and a marked increase in eosinophils in blood tests. Most of the cases seen clinically are in the chronic stage, and the symptoms of patients often appear gradually after several years. Generally, the symptoms of the digestive system are mainly fatigue, epigastric discomfort, loss of appetite, aversion to grease, indigestion, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vague pain in the liver area and dizziness are more common. Common signs include hepatomegaly with mild tenderness, and splenomegaly is less common. Severe infections are associated with dizziness, wasting, swelling and anemia, which can cause cirrhosis, ascites and even death in advanced stages. Children and adolescents infected with Schistosoma chinensis tend to have more severe clinical manifestations and higher mortality. In addition to gastrointestinal symptoms, malnutrition, anemia, hypoproteinemia, swelling, hepatomegaly and developmental disorders to dwarfism are often present. Diagnostic methods – eggs are not easy to find Faecal examination to find eggs of T. bovis is the basis for diagnosis, usually 1 month after infection can be found in the stool eggs, commonly used methods are: smear method: direct smear method is easy to operate, but due to the small amount of stool used, the detection rate is not high, and eggs are very small, easy to miss the diagnosis. Egg collection method: This method has a higher detection rate than the direct smear method. Egg collection methods include floating egg collection and sedimentation egg collection methods. It also often requires multiple examinations to find them. Duodenal bile drainage: Drainage of bile for centrifugal sedimentation can also be used to detect eggs. The detection rate of this method is close to 100%, but the technique is complex and difficult for the average patient to accept. When patients are treated clinically with bile drainage, live adult worms are also seen, with smooth, coiled and peristaltic surfaces, which can be used as a basis for diagnosis based on morphological features. In addition, blood sampling to detect positive antibody of liver fluke, B-type ultrasound and CT examination are also of greater value for the diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii. If blood is drawn and found to be positive for Schistosoma haematobium antibodies, the stool should be left to repeatedly search for Schistosoma haematobium eggs. Since eggs are not easy to find, both the patient and the examiner should remain patient enough because only when liver fluke eggs are found can the diagnosis of schistosomiasis be confirmed. The key factor in the prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium is whether the population has a habit of eating raw or semi-raw fish. In adults, raw fish is the most common form of infection, for example, in the Pearl River Delta of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Taiwan, people are infected mainly by eating “raw fish”, “raw fish porridge” or hot fish slices; in Northeast Korea, people are infected mainly by eating raw fish with wine; in children, the infection is The infection of children is related to their eating uncooked fish and shrimp in the wild. In addition, not washing hands after catching fish or holding fish in the mouth, using knives and cutting boards that have been used to cut raw fish to cut cooked food, and using utensils that have been used to serve raw fish to serve cooked food also have the possibility of making people infected. General condiments, such as soy sauce, vinegar, mustard, spicy are not easy to kill the cysts in the fish. Drinking highly alcoholic wine to kill parasites is also not reliable, 70 degrees of wine must be 24 hours to kill liver fluke, while the usual drinking wine is far below this concentration, and alcohol is diluted by food and gastric juice in the stomach, which is not enough to kill the liver fluke cysts hidden in fish, let alone prevent the erosion of human liver by liver fluke in raw fish; therefore, eat raw fish fillets mixed with condiments, or when playing side dishes Raw fish fillets cooked for insufficient time cannot kill the liver fluke cysts and can be infected with liver fluke disease. The cysts in fish fillets of about 1mm thickness can die in a few seconds in hot water at 90℃. The prevention and treatment measures are due to raw or semi-raw freshwater fish and shrimp containing larvae, the prevention of schistosomiasis should seize the link of oral transmission, preventing the ingestion of live larvae is the key to prevent and treat the disease. In addition, not only freshwater fish should not be eaten raw, but also sea fish that once lived in freshwater and semi-salty water should not be eaten raw. Usually only sea fish that live completely in the sea can be eaten raw. Treatment – liver flukes are not easy to kill Do not buy your own medicine to treat liver flukes, general worming medicine is not effective, you should go to the hospital to find an infection doctor and use the medicine under the doctor’s supervision. Commonly used praziquantel: high efficacy, short course of treatment, is the drug of choice for the treatment of this disease. Because of the side effects, it usually requires hospitalization and observation of physical condition while treatment. It often requires multiple insecticides to kill the worm.