The surgical technique of artificial joint replacement is very mature, but the degree of matching between the prosthesis and the human body has a great impact on the surgical result. Most of the current prostheses are from Europe and the United States, and are designed according to Western body standards, which differ greatly from those of the Chinese. CT imaging, computer technology and engineering production technology have developed. Developments in CT imaging, computer technology, and engineering have led to the development of computer-aided design and fabrication of customized prosthetic joints based on the patient’s own skeletal form. The Department of Orthopedics of the Ninth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Shanghai Jiao Tong University were the first in China to develop and perfect this technology, which has been successfully applied to hundreds of patients. First, x-ray or CT data is imported into the computer, and a 1:1 scale model is made with the lesion site using rapid prototyping technology, on which simulated surgery and prosthesis design, and simulated surgical installation are performed. This method has the advantages of short processing time, good matching with bone, easy intraoperative installation, and good postoperative results. At present, it is mainly used for joint and bone reconstruction surgery for bone and joint tumors, artificial joint revision, and severe congenital skeletal developmental abnormalities.