With the progress of social technology and civilization, the pressure of people’s life and the influence of the way, the population of myopia in China is increasing, and there is a trend of lowering the age, the incidence of myopia in children over 6 years old has increased greatly compared with the previous. It is a common problem faced by all countries in the world. So far, we still know little about the pathological basis of myopia, but the main causes of myopia are currently recognized as: genetic factors and environmental factors. After continuous exploration by scientists and medical doctors, multiple myopia genes have been confirmed and found. Excessive reading, playing with cell phones, computers, Ipads, etc. are environmental factors that contribute to the formation and deepening of myopia in children during their formative years. What can be done to prevent myopia? What are the effective treatments? In this article, we review the different methods that have been used in recent years to try to control the growth of myopia in order to understand the current dynamics of research on the occurrence and development of myopia and the future outlook. In Europe and the Americas half a century ago, as well as in some parts of China, ophthalmologists and optometrists recommended the use of low correction to control myopia growth, generally in the amount of O.5O-O.75 D. This method was clinically tested in a school in the United States, and the teachers at this school strongly opposed the use of low correction for their students. The reason for this was that these low-correction students could not read the teacher’s board, and it did not take long for the myopia to get worse. Soon after, many researchers also did comparative studies and found that low correction did not stop the increase in myopia. Second, vision training/massaging the eyes Currently, there are many organizations in the community that focus on vision training to treat myopia. Some parents have also observed that their children’s vision will improve to some extent or even reach 1.0 vision in the early stages of treatment. There are two possibilities here, myopic children who do vision training do not undergo ciliary palsy optometry, neither does it rule out pseudomyopia, which can be cured. In another case, it is also found that some children with true myopia also have improved vision, but after medical examination it is found that their important refractive parameters such as refractive error, corneal curvature and eye axis length do not improve compared to before, and, moreover, gradually worsen. For this reason, some experts call vision training a form of visual excitation therapy. There are no scientific statistics on the whole training process to prove that vision training has a stopping effect on the development of myopia. Third, bifocal/progressive multifocal glasses many researchers believe that over-adjustment is the main cause of myopia, so many people engaged in the study of bifocal lenses, but the results are also inconsistent. In 1959, an optometrist named Mandell did a clinical test in which he fitted 50 myopes with bifocal/progressive multifocal lenses and 116 myopes with monofocal lenses, and the results were that bifocal/progressive multifocal glasses had no inhibitory effect on the development of myopia. However, because his experimental and control groups could not be matched in terms of age, sex, and myopia, his conclusion was not endorsed by later authors. In 1967, Roberts et al. conducted a similar experiment and concluded that wearing bifocal/progressive multifocal glasses could stop myopia by about 0.09 D/year. Although this result was statistically significant, however, the amount of myopia stopped by this method was so small that even after five years of continuous wearing of bifocal/progressive multifocal lenses, it could only stop the development of myopia by about 0.50 D, which lacked clinical value. In 1967, Grosvenor et al. of the University of Houston conducted a clinical study in which children of comparable age, sex, and myopia were randomly divided into three groups and fitted with monofocal lenses, plus +1.OOD bifocal/progressive multifocal lenses, and plus +2.OOD bifocal/progressive multifocal lenses, and found that myopia growth in all three groups was about O.33D/year. However, the bifocal/progressive multifocal lenses had the effect of controlling myopia progression in myopic patients with internal strabismus. A study conducted by the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences of the Chinese University of Hong Kong to verify the safety and efficacy of atropine ophthalmic ointment in children with moderate to high myopia showed encouraging results. Dr. Shu-Ping Fan, Associate Professor of the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences at The Chinese University of Hong Kong, noted that atropine is an eye ointment that prevents overgrowth of the scleral layer, thereby p reducing eye elongation. Children who used 1% atropine ophthalmic ointment before going to bed had a deepening of myopia after one year; as for] children who used the drug, the average myopia deepened by 119° after one year. Sixty-five percent of children who used atropine ophthalmic ointment had an increase in myopia, while only 9 percent of children who used atropine ophthalmic ointment had an increase in myopia. The professor noted, “Although the use of atropine for pupil dilation, etc. Atropine is a worthwhile option for children who are at high risk of developing high myopia, such as those with deeper myopia at an early age, those with longer eye axes, those with rapid myopia progression, or those with a family history of high myopia. However, it is necessary to pay close attention to the possible side effects when using it.” Some people believe that the intraocular pressure increases when the human eye is adjusted and seen near, so some people began to try to use pressure-lowering agents to inhibit the development of myopia. One of the more famous ones is the trial by Goldschmidt et al. and Jensen et al. The former concluded that twice-daily drops of IOP-lowering medication reduced myopia along with the IOP. However, the latter concluded that there was no significant association between IOP reduction and myopia development. Sixth, rigid contact lenses (highly permeable rigid contact lenses RGP / keratoplasty Ortho-k) first discovered that contact lenses have the effect of stopping the growth of myopia was Frank Dickinson, he had given his daughter a rigid contact lens, a few years later, he unexpectedly found that his daughter’s refraction did not change. Soon after, similar reports were made by Robert Morrison, Jack Neill and John Nolan. Of course, these single case reports do not tell the story, but they have given many practitioners the insight as to whether rigid lenses have a role in controlling myopia growth. This necessitated the establishment of a better research protocol and scientific methodology whenever possible. In the 1950s, Robert Morrison fitted 1,021 myopic patients with the above-mentioned hard lenses and found no increase in myopia in all cases. He believed that the main reason why rigid lenses prevented myopia growth was because they flattened the curvature of the cornea, and possibly because they affected the physiological metabolism of the cornea. In the 1970s, Janet stone and her colleagues conducted a similar clinical study in the United Kingdom using these rigid lenses. They followed 84 myopic children with rigid lenses and 40 children with frames for five years and concluded that rigid lenses may modify the anterior curvature of the cornea, flattening it, and that part of the effect may be that the rigid lenses prevent the lengthening of the eye axis, but she did not indicate why rigid lenses would prevent the lengthening of the eye axis. In the late 1980s, gas permeable rigid contact lenses (RGPs) began to be used in studies to stop myopic growth. Grosvenor clearly stated the belief that RGPs did more to stop the lengthening of the eye axis than flattening the cornea. Current research has evolved to analyze why RGPs stop myopic growth, with researchers looking at the optical quality of the lens, the contrast sensitivity of the eye, and the quality of vision, respectively. Keratomileusis is another type of night-wear contact lens that stops the development of myopia. It is characterized by high oxygen permeability, which meets the requirements of night-wear contact lenses for the physiological metabolism of the eye; through the mechanics between the water molecules of tear fluid between the lens and the cornea, the morphology of the anterior surface of the cornea is scientifically, progressively and predictably altered, thus temporarily reducing or eliminating myopia and curbing the excessive growth of myopia. Studies at Ohio University and the Hong Kong Polytechnic University have shown that after two years of wearing keratoplasty lenses, the growth rate of the eye axis is only half of the growth rate of the eye axis with frames and soft contact lenses. A study by the Center for Optometry at Peking University Medical School showed that after three years of wearing keratomileusis, the average annual myopia growth was 8 degrees, compared to 67 degrees for those wearing frames. The Zhongshan Eye Center has been fitting more than 7,000 cases since 1998. The effect of keratoplasty on delaying myopia in adolescents was observed: the average annual increase in myopia was 0.68 degrees for those wearing frames, while the average annual increase in myopia was 0.16 degrees for those wearing keratoplasty, which effectively delayed the rate of myopia progression. A large sample of clinical studies in the United States over the past three years have shown that myopia increases by an average of 20 degrees per year after wearing keratoplasty lenses]. Because they have good naked eye vision during the day, they can reduce the inconvenience of frames for children who like to be outdoors during their formative years, making it easier and freer for them to exercise. Especially for children and adolescents who have suffered from deep myopia at an early age, who have long eye axes, whose myopia is rapidly increasing, or who have a family history of high myopia, keratoplasty is currently the only treatment that can correct myopia and effectively control its growth. The high cost of fitting and use, as well as the strict care, limit the clinical use of keratoplasty. Seven, surgical methods myopia surgery are RK, PRK and LASIK, these methods effectively reduce the myopia, but children myopia is in a state of continuous development, can not accept this type of surgery; In addition, this type of surgery only changes the curvature of the central part of the cornea, reducing the refractive power of the cornea, and this type of surgery that can not change the structure of their myopic eye, and can not prevent the eye axis continue to lengthen. Posterior scleral reinforcement is performed by filling the posterior pole of the eye with collagen fiber tissue to strengthen the posterior sclera and slow down the rapid expansion of the posterior pole of the eye, thus slowing down the rapid progression of myopia. It is currently the last line of defense to control the increasing pathological myopia.