Surgical treatment of periodontal disease is the second stage of the overall treatment plan for periodontal disease and is an important part of the treatment of periodontal disease. After periodontitis has developed to a more serious stage, basic treatment alone cannot solve all the problems, and surgical treatment of periodontal soft and hard tissues is needed to obtain good results, so as to maintain healthy periodontal tissues, prolong the life of the affected teeth in the oral cavity, maintain the integrity of the dental row, and promote general health. Surgical treatment of periodontal disease began at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, and has undergone three stages of development in the long process of development: excisional surgery, reconstructive surgery, and regenerative surgery. In the late 19th century, Robi. ek proposed gingivectomy, and in the early 20th century, Widman (1918), Neuinann (1920), and Cieszynski (1928) proposed gingivectomy. Widman used an internal oblique incision to remove a large amount of tissue from the wall of the periodontal pocket, removed the malabsorbed alveolar bone after flipping the mucoperiosteal flap, and reset the flap at the top of the crest of the alveolar bone just covering the pocket to eliminate the pocket. friedman (1962) proposed a root-repositioning flap for cases with narrow attached gingiva and deep periodontal pockets with the bottom of the pocket In cases where the periodontal pockets are overlapping, the general procedure of eliminating the periodontal pockets will lead to excessive loss of the attached gingiva, so it was proposed to preserve the keratinized gingiva as much as possible when the flap is turned over, and to reset the flap in the apical direction to just cover the level of the crest of the alveolar bone, with the aim of both eliminating the periodontal pockets and preserving the keratinized gingiva on the flap surface. 2. Reconstructive surgery In the mid-20th century, it was recognized that the alveolar bone is not necrotic in periodontitis, and that the inflammation of the gingiva reflects the body’s defensive response, thus abandoning the principle of “complete resection”. The aim of surgery is no longer to eliminate periodontal pockets, but to make the pockets shallower, to reconstruct the physiological shape of the gingiva and alveolar bone, and to facilitate plaque control. For example, in the 1970s Ramfjord and Nissle proposed a modified Widman flap procedure, in which only the diseased inner wall of the pocket is removed, the outer healthy tissue flap is preserved and turned up, the infected granulation tissue and root surface tartar are thoroughly scraped, and the soft tissue flap is reset in situ to achieve the purpose of making the periodontal pocket shallower and promoting bone repair. The soft tissue flap is then repositioned in situ to achieve the purpose of shallowing the periodontal pocket and promoting bone repair. The purpose of the surgery is to promote the regeneration of the periodontal attachment structure, i.e., to form new bone on the root surface of the lesion, with functionally arranged periodontal membrane main fiber bundles attached to it and connected to the new alveolar bone to form a new periodontal attachment. 1980s Nyman (1983), Gottlow (1986) and others proposed guided tissue regeneration, so that periodontal surgery with the aim of obtaining new attachments became possible. However, the certainty and expectation of efficacy is still small, and it is a hot spot under investigation. Gingival recession and root exposure due to periodontitis and other causes, and surgical reattachment of gingival tissue to the root surface is also a hot spot in this phase of research.