Temporal arteritis, also known as giant cell arteritis or senile arteritis, was once thought to be a rare disease, but with increasing awareness, it has been found to be not uncommon. Some epidemiological studies have shown that the annual incidence of the disease is as high as 15-76/100,000 in people over 50 years of age, with an average age of onset of 72 years, making it a common cause of headaches in the elderly and one of the main causes of blindness in the elderly. The earliest and prominent symptom of temporal arteritis is headache, often confined to the temporal or frontal side, which is pulsating, distending, burning or pins and needles in nature, sharp and intense, unbearable, and some patients experience posterior occipital pain. The temporal artery distribution area may show swelling, pressure pain and diminished or absent arterial pulsation, and scalp tenderness. Patients often experience pauses during mastication, difficulty in opening and swallowing, and pauses in speech, which can be relieved by rest, i.e. intermittent dyskinesia. Another important manifestation is abnormal vision, which may include diplopia, blurred vision or temporary dark haze, temporary or permanent, partial blindness due to ischemia of the ophthalmic or posterior ciliary artery or optic nerve. Ocular muscle paralysis and transient ischemic attacks may also occur. Some patients have intermittent fever, anorexia, weight loss, peripheral weakness, and night sweats. Ancillary tests may reveal increased sedimentation (ESR ≥ 50 mm/h), elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) in the acute phase, anemia in more than half of the patients, and mild leukocytosis and thrombocytosis. Serum albumin is decreased and gammaglobulin is increased, and serum alkaline phosphatase is elevated. The diagnostic criteria for temporal arteritis proposed by the American College of Rheumatology in 1990 are still used: 1. age of onset ≥ 50 years; 2. new onset or new type of headache; 3. temporal artery abnormality with tenderness or pressure and diminished pulsation in the temporal artery, unrelated to carotid atherosclerosis; 4. hematocrit ≥ 50 mm/h; 5. temporal artery biopsy reveals vasculitis or granuloma with predominantly mononuclear cell infiltration, usually containing multinucleated giant cells. A diagnosis of giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis) can be made if three or more of the above items are met. In clinical practice, because of the atypical clinical signs in some patients and the lack of adequate knowledge of the disease, the diagnosis and treatment are easily delayed and often misdiagnosed as migraine, tension headache, trigeminal neuralgia, meningitis, glaucoma, painful ocular muscle palsy, etc. Analgesic drugs are ineffective for this disease, while glucocorticoids can relieve symptoms within a week, but premature discontinuation or too rapid reduction of dosage is prone to relapse, and the maintenance time of hormone therapy has been reported to be at least 1-2 years. For patients with headache and vision loss who are clinically suspected of temporal arteritis, early blood sedimentation and C-reactive protein testing may also prevent misdiagnosis.